A. 分众传媒zara,极米电视从营销4P的角度来看
4P营销理论被归结为四个基本策略的组合，即产品（Proct）、价格（Price）、渠道（Place）、促销（Promotion），由于这四个词的英文字头都是P，所以叫做4P
B. 浅析ZARA和H&M营销策略的异同
最大的竞争优势，可以看到：
世界最先进的设计研发；
和工艺制造原料开发研发。
的双重优势的持久坚持的力道。
C. 研究案例，分析研究zara能够战胜竞争对手主要依靠的是什么战略
一个比较例子、Zara和H&M的营销策略对比[摘 要]西班牙的ZARA和瑞典的H&M，目前为国际上两大成功的服装零专售品牌，两家属公司的成功得益于其独特营销策略的运用。本文旨在总结归纳两家公司营销策略上的异同点。为中国零售企业提取一些可借鉴的经验。
D. zara是什么
品牌名称：ZARA(中文名称----飒拉) 所属国家：西班牙 创始时间：1975年 创始人：阿曼西奥·奥尔特加·高纳 (Amancio Ortega Gaona) 所属机构：Inditex集团 首席设计师：约翰·加利亚诺 (John Galliano) 产品类别：女装，男装，童装，鞋靴 保加利亚玫瑰香水-zara
，帽子，围巾。 Inditex是西班牙排名第一，并于近年超越了美国的GAP、瑞典的H&M成为全球排名第一的服装零售集团，2005年其全球的销售额67.41亿欧元，销售数达4.29亿件，纯利润8.03亿欧元。截至2006年6月它在全球64个国家和地区开设了2899家专卖店，旗下共有8个服装零售品牌，包括ZARA、Pull and Bear、Kiddy’s Class、Massimo Dutti、Bershka、Stradivarius、Oysho、ZARA Home，ZARA是其中最有名的品牌。ZARA创于1975年，目前在全球72个国家拥有1757家专卖店（自营专卖店占90%，其余为合资和特许专卖店）。尽管ZARA品牌的专卖店只占Inditex公司所有分店数的三分之一，但是其销售额却占总销售额的70%左右。
品牌历史
1975年，学徒出身的阿曼西奥·奥尔特加在西班牙西北部的偏远市镇开设了一个叫ZA zara服饰1
RA的小服装店。而今，昔日名不见经传的ZARA已经成长为全球时尚服饰的领先品牌，身影遍布全球70余个国家和地区，门店数已达2000余家。 zara品牌之道可以说是时尚服饰业界的一个另类，在传统的顶级服饰品牌和大众服饰中间独辟蹊径开创了快速时尚(Fast Fashion)模式。随着快速时尚(Fast Fashion)成为时尚服饰行业的一大主流业态，zara品牌也倍受推崇，有人称之为“时装行业中的戴尔电脑”，也有人评价其为“时装行业的斯沃琪手表”。在2005年，ZARA在全球100个最有价值品牌中位列77名，哈佛商学院把zara品牌评定为欧洲最具研究价值的品牌，沃顿商学院将zara品牌视为研究未来制造业的典范。ZARA作为一家引领未来趋势的公司，俨然成为时尚服饰业界的标杆。 zara品牌的头顶上笼罩着太多的光环，但绝非徒有虚名，其背后漂亮的财务数字则是 zara服饰2
最佳的注解。在2005年度ZARA全球营业收入达到44亿欧元，税前利润为7.12亿欧元。摩根士丹利公司在一份研究报告中预测到2014年为止ZARA每股收益年均增长率是10.9%，而Burberry等五大奢侈品集团的年均增长率则只有7.7%。 由于ZARA财务表现良好，发展势头强劲，ZARA品牌创始人阿曼西奥·奥尔特加的财富也随着股票市值的上扬而节节攀升，在2007年《福布斯》全球富豪榜中位列第八，资产总额已达240亿美元。 ZARA作为快速时尚（Fast Fashion）模式的领导品牌，声名显赫，利润丰厚，真可谓是“名利双收”，ZARA显然成为赢利性品牌的典范。ZARA品牌在时尚服饰业界正以惊人的速度崛起，2005年闪电般地跻身全球100个最具价值品牌榜，并将ARMANI等时尚服饰界大牌甩在身后。“以史为鉴，可以知兴替”，不同经济时代伟大品牌的兴衰史告诉我们一个伟大的品牌的崛起往往在于其品牌精神与整体性时代精神及消费者深层需求的高度契合。ZARA赢利性品牌模式在全球所向披靡大获成功正是对此最好的诠释。 2005年才第一次登上Interbrand发布的全球最佳品牌排行榜的ZARA，2006年排名已经仅次于Adidas，品牌价值达42.35亿美元。 ZARA的每一位门店经理都拥有一部特别定制的PDA，通过这台联网的PDA他们可以直接向总部下订单，而总部可以直接掌握每一间门店的销售情况，同时门店店长也可以和总部产品经理及时沟通。这样ZARA可以做到设计、生产、交付在15天内完成。《哈佛商业评论》称：ZARA建立了一个不同于传统行业的通信供应链，正是这个供应链帮助ZARA完成了它的15天神话。 在ZARA你总是能够找到新品，并且是限量供应的。这些商品大多数会被放在特殊的货架上面。这种暂时断货策略在很多人眼中太大胆了！但是想想所有限量供应商品在市场上受到的追捧吧，人们需要的不是产品而是“与众不同”、“独一无二”。而ZARA的暂时断货正满足了人们的这种心理，ZARA由于这种颠覆性的做法慢慢变成了“独一无二”的代言人。
品牌策略
ZARA成立于1975年，已在欧洲27个国家及全世界55个国家和地区建立了2200家女性服饰连锁店。2004年度全球营业收入46亿欧元，利润4.4亿欧元，获利率9.7%，比美国第一大服饰连锁品牌GAP的6.4%还要出色。 ZARA近几年来经营成功，可归纳为四个因素：拥有庞大的设计师群；公司本身拥有9家成衣厂，从新款策划到生产出厂，最快可在一周内完成；ZARA的送货速度快；采取多样少量的经营方式，每隔3周其服装店内所有商品一定要全部换新。 ZARA的设计师具有年轻人独特的创意与热情，经常到纽约、伦敦、巴黎、米兰、东京等时尚都市的第一线去了解女性服饰及配件的最新流行与消费趋势，并随时掌握商品销售状况、顾客反应等第一手信息。 ZARA目前在西班牙有9家自己的生产工厂，可以机动掌握生产速度。设计师完成服饰设计之后，便将设计资料规格传到工厂正式生产。世界各地连锁店的订单，经合理评估后传到工厂，将库存量降到最低。目前库存量大约是15%到20%，比其他服饰连锁业者的40%低很多。 在物流配送方面，ZARA在法国、德国、意大利、西班牙等欧盟国家以卡车运送为主，平均48小时即可运达连锁店，在这些地区的销售占总销售量的70%。剩下30%的销售量，则以空运的方式送到日本、美国、东欧等较远的国家和地区。 为了让消费者赶上最新流行的脚步，ZARA各连锁店每周一定会有新品上市，商品上下架的替换率非常快。而且各店陈列的每件商品通常只有五件库存量，属于多样少量经营模式。每隔3周，其服装店内所有商品一定要全部换新。 在竞争激烈的服装销售市场上，ZARA以超速度、多品种少量、制售一体的效率化经营，立足欧洲，放眼全球，其成功之道值得业界分析借鉴。
编辑本段供应链系统
实际上至关重要的环节是ZARA的灵敏供应链系统，大大提高了ZARA的前导时间 zara服饰3
。（前导时间是从设计到把成衣摆在柜台上出售的时间）中国服装业一般为6～9个月，国际名牌一般可到120天，而ZARA最厉害时最短只有7天，一般为12天。这是具有决定意义的12天。ZARA之灵敏供应链所展现出来的韵律，使得有“世界工厂”之称的中国相形见绌。一些国际服装品牌巨头明知ZARA厉害，就是学不来，模仿不了。为什么？ ZARA一年中大约推出12000种时装，而每一款时装的量一般不大。即使是畅销款式，ZARA也只供应有限的数量，常常在一家专卖店中一个款式只有两件，卖完了也不补货。一如邮票的限量发行提升了集邮品的价值，ZARA通过这种“制造短缺”的方式，培养了一大批忠实的追随者。“多款式、小批量”， ZARA实现了经济规模的突破。 一般分析ZARA成功的原因大致是：顾客导向；垂直一体化；高效的组织管理；强调生产的速度和灵活性；不做广告不打折的独特营销价格策略等。
编辑本段主要设计师
ZARA有近400名设计师，这些设计师是典型的空中飞人，他们经常坐飞机穿梭于各种时装发布会之间 zara童装1
或者出入各种时尚场所。通常，一些顶级品牌的最新设计刚摆上柜台，ZARA就会迅速发布和这些设计非常相似的时装。这样的设计方式能保证ZARA紧跟时尚潮流。据悉，在欧洲，每年ZARA都要向那些顶级品牌支付几千万欧元的侵权罚款。ZARA并没有因此放弃这种设计模式，显然从中赚取的利润要比被罚款的数额高得多。 ZARA花巨资一体化设计自己的灵敏供应链。生产基地设在西班牙，只有最基本款式的20服装在亚洲等低成本地区生产。ZARA自己设立了20个高度自动化的染色、剪裁中心，而把人力密集型的工作外包给周边500家小工厂甚至家庭作坊，而把这20个染色、裁剪中心与周边小工厂连接起来的物流系统堪称一绝。在西班牙方圆200英里的生产基地，集中了 20家布料剪裁和印染中心，500家代工的终端厂。ZARA把这200英里的地下都挖空，架设地下传送带网络。每天根据新订单，把最时兴的布料准时送达终端厂，保证了总体上的前导时间要求。建设这样一个生产基地，需要投资达几十亿欧元。许多品牌服装想模仿ZARA，可是却没有这样巨额投资的生产基地。成品服装在欧洲用卡车两天内可以保证到达，而对于美国和日本市场，ZARA甚至不惜成本采用空运以提高速度。这种大生产思维，使得ZARA品牌一骑绝尘。 ZARA的零售只设专卖店，那是ZARA的窗口与眼睛，不搞特许经营。 zara童装2
专卖店每周根据销售情况下订单两次，这就减少了需要打折处理存货的机率，也降低了库存成本。款式更新更快增加了新鲜感，吸引消费者不断重复光顾。快速更新店面里的货品，也确保了它们能符合顾客的品味，从而能被销售出去。 “品种少，批量大”是传统制造业的天条，而在“长尾市场”中，“款多量小”却成为当红的商业模式。ZARA以其灵敏供应链，创造了长尾市场的新样板。 中国是服装大国和强国，然而却没有称誉世界的品牌，而只是广布着大量的代工基地，成为“世界工厂”的一个缩影。对比ZARA灵敏供应链的建设，我们的“世界工厂”显得相形见绌。一国财富模式，决定了一国未来的竞争力。当欧美人选择了集中投向教育资本、产业资本和金融资本，控制资源的全球分配走势，而中国人却一窝蜂地选择了不动产财富模式，结果日益沦落为给跨国公司输送利润的机器。
编辑本段品牌特色
ZARA旗下拥有超过两百余位的专业设计师群，一年推出的商品超过12000款，可说是同业的5倍之多，而且设计师其平均岁数只有25岁，他们随时穿梭于米兰、东京、纽约、巴黎等时尚重地观看服装秀，以撷取设计理念与最新的潮流趋势，进而仿真仿效推出高时髦感的时尚单品，而且速度之快十分令人震惊，每周两次的补货上架，每隔三周就要全面性的汰旧换新，全球各店在两周内就可同步进行更新完毕，极高的商品汰换率，也加快了顾客上门的回店率，因为消费者已于无形中建立起ZARA随时都有新东西的重要形象。 除此之外，ZARA设计群也实时与全球各地的ZARA店长进行电话会议，透过了解各地的销售状况与顾客反应，来灵活变通调整商品的设计方向，因应人客的百变口味，而且在顾客购买的同时，店员已经将商品特征以及顾客资料输入计算机，藉由网际传输将数据送回ZARA总部，设计群则可掌握各种精确的销售分析与顾客喜好，再加上本身专业的时尚敏锐度，来决定下一批商品的设计走向与数量，如此一来，商品即可发挥最大销售率，也意味着能有效压低库存的出现率。 来看看zara 09秋冬的宣传画册你就一目了然了。从软呢子外套，到夸张的具有戏剧性的针织毛衣；从浅紫色，大地色系，到蓝色，甚至绿色裤子，看来，这个秋天，一身黑的行头，已经开始过时了。不论是绿色的裤子，红色的里子，还是闪光质感的西装夹克，一切都在颠覆着“低调”的男装理念。这个秋天，如果你不“闪光”，那么至少给我点“颜色”看看！
E. zara的市场营销策略的英文文献
这些都是国外网站上的，没有中文翻译的，看不懂的话试试翻译器，查查字典什么的，我要是给你翻译怕误导你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara’s Marketing Strategy
Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”
The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara’s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara’s current business model.
Zara’s Business Model
Zara’s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara’s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara’s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is
F. ZARA为什么会取得巨大成功，它的营销模式是什么
ZARA的成功有抄几个因素：成本控制非常好袭，基本上全球采购。它没有巨额的广告费，而是通过闹市区开店铺加店外橱窗展示来达到广告效应。还有一点书上都没提，就是他的款全是抄欧美大牌的款式。
你去书店，有卖zara的成功模式这本书的。