『壹』 有外文参考文献的沃尔玛营销策略的论文
一、选题
选题是论文写作关键的第一步，直接关系论文的质量。常言说：“题好文一半”。对于临床护理人员来说，选择论文题目要注意以下几点：（1）要结合学习与工作实际，根据自己所熟悉的专业和研究兴趣，适当选择有理论和实践意义的课题；（2）论文写作选题宜小不宜大，只要在学术的某一领域或某一点上，有自己的一得之见，或成功的经验．或失败的教训，或新的观点和认识，言之有物，读之有益，就可以作为选题；（3）论文写作选题时要查看文献资料，既可了解别人对这个问题的研究达到什么程度，也可以借鉴人家对这个问题的研究成果。
需要指出，论文写作选题与论文的标题既有关系又不是一回事。标题是在选题基础上拟定的，是选题的高度概括，但选题及写作不应受标题的限制，有时在写作过程中，选题未变，标题却几经修改变动。
二、设计
设计是在论文写作选题确定之后，进一步提出问题并计划出解决问题的初步方案，以便使科研和写作顺利进行。护理论文设计应包括以下几方面：（1）专业设计：是根据选题的需要及现有的技术条件所提出的研究方案；（2）统计学设计：是运用卫生统计学的方法所提出的统计学处理方案，这种设计对含有实验对比样本的护理论文的写作尤为重要；（3）写作设计：是为拟定提纲与执笔写作所考虑的初步方案。总之，设计是护理科研和论文写作的蓝图，没有“蓝图”就无法工作。
『贰』 有关沃尔玛营销策略论文的外文参考文献
为了探讨和掌握论文的写作规律和特点，需要对论文进行分类。由于论文本身的内容和性质不同，研究领域、对象、方法、表现方式不同，因此，论文就有不同的分类方法。按内容性质和研究方法的不同可以把论文分为理论性论文、实验性论文、描述性论文和设计性论文。另外还有一种综合型的分类方法，即把论文分为专题型、论辩型、综述型和综合型四大类：
专题型
这是分析前人研究成果的基础上，以直接论述的形式发表见解，从正面提出某学科中某一学术问题的一种论文。
论辩型
这是针对他人在某学科中某一学术问题的见解，凭借充分的论据，着重揭露其不足或错误之处，通过论辩形式来发表见解的一种论文。
综述型
这是在归纳、总结前人或今人对某学科中某一学术问题已有研究成果的基础上，加以介绍或评论，从而发表自己见解的一种论文。
综合型
这是一种将综述型和论辩型两种形式有机结合起来写成的一种论文。
学位申请者为申请学位而提出撰写的学术论文叫学位论文。这种论文是考核申请者能否被授予学位的重要条件。学位申请者如果能通过规定的课程考试，而论文的审查和答辩合格，那么就给予学位。如果说学位申请者的课程考试通过了，但论文在答辩时被评为不合格，那么就不会授予他学位。有资格申请学位并为申请学位所写的那篇毕业论文就称为学位论文，学士学位论文。学士学位论文既是学位论文又是毕业论文。
学术论文是某一学术课题在实验性、理论性或观测性上具有新的科学研究成果或创新见解的知识和科学记录；或是某种已知原理应用于实际中取得新进展的科学总结，用以提供学术会议上宣读、交流或讨论；或在学术刊物上发表；或作其他用途的书面文件。在社会科学领域，人们通常把表达科研成果的论文称为学术论文。
『叁』 关于沃尔玛超市营销策略的外文文献
沃尔玛超市营销策略的外文文献如果不会 我来。
『肆』 谁能给我一篇关于营销策略研究方面的英文文献
外文文献可以用你们图书馆的外文数据库检索, 如www.sciencedirect.com, www.springerlink.com
自己去找吧 学校里面可以下载到回的！英文关键词答可以利用www.iciba.com网站翻译～
『伍』 求一篇和营销策略有关的英文文献，最好有原创翻译的。
童鞋你好！
这个估计需要自己搜索了！
网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！
我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库：
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❶ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
❷Elsevier SDOL数据库 IEEE/IEE(IEL)
❸EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会
❹ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会
❺Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库
❻Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书
❼ProQuest学位论文全文数据库
❽国道外文专题数据库 CALIS西文期刊目次数据库
❾推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
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中文翻译得自己做了，实在不成就谷歌翻译。
弄完之后，自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦！
学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的！
外文翻译不是论文的主要内容！
所以，很容易过去的！
祝你好运！
『陆』 求高手帮我下载万方数据库的一篇文章，关于汽车营销策略，外文文献，最好中英文都有，论文文献翻译部分。
查找外文文献建议您到Pubmed 、ProQuest 、ScienceDirect、wiley这些外文综合数据库中搜索关键词，然后查回看跟您所选方向较为接近答的文献再进行翻译。因为外文数据库中是没有中文对应翻译的。而且这样根据研究方向找出来的文献才能更符合您自身的要求，也更具有参考价值。如果有文献的题目我会帮您找找看
『柒』 zara的市场营销策略的英文文献
这些都是国外网站上的，没有中文翻译的，看不懂的话试试翻译器，查查字典什么的，我要是给你翻译怕误导你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara’s Marketing Strategy
Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”
The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara’s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara’s current business model.
Zara’s Business Model
Zara’s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara’s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara’s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is