zara营销传播策略

A. zara的市场营销策略的英文文献

这些都是国外网站上的，没有中文翻译的，看不懂的话试试翻译器，查查字典什么的，我要是给你翻译怕误导你。

Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later

Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.

Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”

Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.

While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.

Zara’s Marketing Strategy

Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.

Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.

“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”

This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.

Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.

The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.

“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”

The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.

The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.

The Results and the Future

Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.

While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.

Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis

Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara’s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara’s current business model.

Zara’s Business Model
Zara’s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara’s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara’s operations.

Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.

Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is

B. zara是如何实施QR策略的

所有的远程运输都是飞机，不用货船，甘愿支付高额的运费而不愿意花费关高飞，zara的市场营销费用只占总成本0.%左右。而其他品牌大约3%左右。同事也不愿意为了提供利润率去节省上述成本。

C. zara的成功是如何阐述战略管理的

1. 第一方面是准确的品类管理，快时尚的主要目标是采用一种非常具有成本效益的方式快速地开发并生产满足客户需求的产品。作为品牌商，需要分析并发现自己最擅长、最易于满足客户需求、利润最好的品类。为了实现这一目标，需要协调市场营销部门、开发部门和外部的合作伙伴及时地掌握和分析销售数据。因此，必须有一个灵活高效的信息化系统来支撑，让全体参与方基于一个统一的高效沟通和协作平台，准确快速地开发和管理利润率贡献高的品类。

2. 第二方面是快速反应的供应链，快时尚的重点在于“快”，同时也必须做到“快”而不乱。存在两类供应链：敏捷供应链(Agile)和精益供应链(Lean)；敏捷供应链的原则是和供应链上的全部合作伙伴实时共享信息和技术，通过紧密协作减少库存；精益供应链的核心特征是在正确的时间交付正确的产品。快时尚的供应链需要把两者有机结合在一起，形成“精敏”供应链(Leagile)。于是，必须改善和简化从产品概念、设计、开发、打样到生产、物流配送的整个流程。经过流程的改善和简化以后，快速反应的供应链就实现了价值的增加和成本的减少，同时对客户的需求变化得到及时地反馈。要实现“精敏”供应链，必须采用当前先进的软件技术以支撑整个业务流程的顺利运行，从而保证流程和数据的准确、实时地执行，不遗漏、不延迟任何一个流程和数据的细节。

3. 第三方面是供应商关系管理，快时尚品牌需要和供应商建立良好并且广泛的合作伙伴关系。供应商需要和品牌商一起紧跟市场需求和时尚潮流，并且需要在产品设计和开发阶段参与进来。为了保证沟通顺畅和紧密协作，最好有一个统一的沟通和协作平台，然后合作各方基于平台高效运行每一个业务流程和准确记录每一个数据细节。
   第四个方面是内部关系，和保持良好的外部供应商关系一样重要的是必须要有协调一致的内部关系。很多组织架构是根据不同的职能部门进行划分，如市场营销、设计、采购、生产、质检等，并且各职能部门之间的沟通协作和信息共享总是不尽如人意。要高效执行快时尚商业战略，必须要有紧密的关系和快速的市场反应能力。这就要求必须有一个统一的信息化系统来确保沟通的及时和协作的紧密无间。
   

D. ZARA模式成功的关键在哪

ZARA模式成功的关键在哪? 在高速运作的系统中任何局部的瓶颈都可能导致整个Zara模式的失败。有人认为ZARA模式成功的关键在于其快速的模仿能力和强大的模仿团队；有人认为在于其快速生产模式消除了整个纺织服装产业供应链的瓶颈；有人认为在于其高效的物在高速运作的系统中任何局部的瓶颈都可能导致整个Zara模式的失败。

有人认为ZARA模式成功的关键在于其快速的模仿能力和强大的模仿团队；有人认为在于其快速生产模式消除了整个纺织服装产业供应链的瓶颈；有人认为在于其高效的物流配送体系；有人认为在于其高频、人性化的信息系统与沟通机制；有人认为在于其庞大的营销网络和快速销售能力概念宣传和“服装超市”模式；有人认为是其雄厚的资金实力支撑；也有人认为是其高度整合的垂直供应链和运作模式……

我们认为，任何成功都是系统的、全局的成功，在高速运作的系统中任何局部的瓶颈都可能导致整个模式的失败，ZARA的成功也不例外。经过仔细研究后，A企业从2006年8月起加入学习ZARA的行列，并为此专门成立了ZARA模式快速项目部，开始了各环节的ZARA模式改造征程。

供应链各环节的改造

产品的快速组织与开发除了原开发团队外，组建了专业的买手团队，专门从香港、深圳、广州等时尚信息比较集中的地点去采集当季最畅销的款式。还制定了相关的激励措施，集团内部几千名员工、猎手、OEM工厂、所有对时尚有兴趣的社会人士都可以提供相关资讯，提供的信息或样衣若被采用则会有相应的奖励。除了直接提供样衣外，还可以根据酒吧、演唱会、街头等拍摄回来的照片、国内外专业刊物等处获得的时尚信息进行模仿。

对相关的款式进行改款、打版之后，交由商务团队进行下单决策。商务团队比较庞大，既包括有丰富营销经验的一线内部市场人员，也可以是竞争对手的营销人员，还包括有品味、有眼光的时尚人士或消费者。

审完款后把选中要投产的款和前几周的产品混合搭配，拍好照片，进行挂杆陈列和模特陈列，并写清楚各款陈列的顺序，以便指导店面标准化陈列，并且可以发到网上，让加盟商进行订货。

产品快速生产商务团队进行选款决策后，由供应链经营团队根据销售预测、铺底量、适销周期、配送周期、生产周期、生产成本、目标库存结构和控制量等进行综合决策，以销定配，以配定产，计算出各款的生产量，交给采购与生产团队进行采购和生产。内部工厂、外协工厂在同一起跑线上，围绕质量、交货期、成本、服务、柔性等方面开展竞争。通过这一步也逼着内部工厂不断提升自己的竞争能力。

其中一些外协工厂为了更好地配合公司，还专门聘请了相关的版师，直接根据照片进行打版、确认、生产，现时也可更好地把握版型，大大提升了设计质量，压缩了大货生产前的准备周期。

产品快速配送大货生产入库前，采购生产人员已经与供应商联系，得知大货的最终确定生产量。供应链经营团队根据实际入库量对预分配计划进行相应调整并生成配货计划，仓库在收到大货后进行扫描验证确认，根据配货计划进行拣货分货，然后交由第三方物流进行运输。若收货方为加盟商，则相关费用由加盟商承担。

销售与反馈销售终端除了自营专卖店、商场外，还有特许加盟商、网络营销等，还可以是代理一样，任何有渠道或关系的个人都可“兼职”利用业余时间和渠道帮助销售 ZARA模式的产品。由于买手、商务团队、内外营销人员的利益都与销售业绩挂钩，他们都会充分利用其所有关系、激发其潜能，变“潜能”为现实，让所有参与者能受益。

供应链持续优化

在大家共同努力下，经过一个月的运行和探索，ZARA模式的总体框架已经基本搭建好了。从设计理念到上市平均只需要10～15天，而传统运作模式下的服装企业需要6～9个月甚至更长时间；以前每年只出2次款，现在是每周都有新货上，不断更新店面形象和产品，更好地服务顾客、提升品牌形象；以前一般下单量都是数以千计，现在100多件就能下单生产（若为追单则可更小）；以前门店不是积压一堆库存就是想要的货补不上，高库存和高脱销并存，现在每周都有新货上，再也不用担心货不够；

整个供应链“看上去”挺流畅的，但仔细分析发现细节上太“粗糙”仍存在不少问题，总结分析出问题后，接下来就是进行有针对性地持续优化!总体来说，要加强事前计划、事中监控、事后评估；要抓住时间、成本、质量、服务、柔性等KPI进行优化，尤其是瓶颈环节；要去掉那些不增值的活动；简化不必要的流程；合并或同步一些非关键路径流程；重组一些岗位流程使流程更通畅、智能化。

打造“无边界”企业

客户”的简单线性关系。à零售à物流配送à生产厂à供应链从学术角度来讲，是一个错误或至少不太精确的词，更应是“需供网”，是一个复杂的系统，是一个开放的系统、是一个网络系统、而不是一个简单的链条。从上面的分析不难发现，整个运营过程中，每个环节都可能是多重身份、多种角色，既可能是客户、样衣提供者，也可能是营销人员、协作生产厂等，企业边界被彻底打破，决不再是“原材料供应商

西班牙ZARA靠自己企业的密集型投资实现“集群”效应，A企业通过整合各种闲置资源，变潜能为现实，实现了真正意义上的集群效应，为广大中国服装企业探索出一套成功的模式，通过“无极”供应链打造出无边界企业。

关键词

敏捷性(Agility) 不是强者生存，而是适者生存，市场需求、消费者需求变化太快，适应变化者生存，因此一定要有敏捷的适应能力。

可靠性(Availability) 在如此高速运转的系统中，任何一个环节的不稳定或随机因素的干扰，都会对整个供应链造成干扰或致命的影响，所以一定要提高供应链上各环节的可靠性和无缝集成。

利益分配机制(Alignment) 一个客户原理，最后销售好大家才有得分，不只是关注自己的下游客户，还要关注客户的客户，而且一定要有诚信，这个游戏才能玩下去，而且才能将饼越做越大。如产品推向市场非常畅销，将会吸引越来越多的加盟商或人员参与自适应体系，进行自我造血，形成和谐共生的森林体系。

沟通 (Communication) 要有基本的运作层的操作系统，商品基本资料维护、供应商基本资料维护、采购管理、配送管理、销售预测、库存管理、销售管理等外，还需要动态监控，整个供应链透明。除了强大的正规系统外，更重要的是人与人之间的沟通，要提供沟通平台，如BBS、POPO群组、电话、传真或会议、面谈等。

来源：《牛津管理评论》

Zara近年来最为成功的时尚服装品牌之一：每年消费者会去它的店面17次左右，行业平均水平为3－4次；知名时尚品牌经营的基石之一是在各类时尚杂志上投放精美的广告，而Zara很少打广告，它成功地让所有人谈论它，就像星巴克一样。

Zara的成功在于它变革了快速服装行业的经济模式。服装行业可简单地划分为两种类型：一种是LV、古奇、范思哲这些顶级奢侈品品牌，它们位于高价值的一端，其核心资产是品牌；一种是诸如美国的Gap、国内开店很多的班尼路等。Zara在这两者之间创造出了一种奇特的混搭：在品牌形象上它们更接近于前者，而在经济模式上却和后者一样获得了规模经济效应。所不同的是，Gap的规模经济效应是基于“款少、量多、廉价”路线，而Zara的规模经济效应却是基于“快速、少量、多款”路线。Zara每年推出上万款服装，并且款式与时尚同步，定价也更接近高档品牌的模式。

观察Zara模式，重要的是看“快速、少量、多款”背后的运作体系。在服装业有个专业词汇叫做“前导时间“，指的是一件服装从设计到出售所需的时间。 Zara大大缩短了前导时间，前导时间最快为12天。对比而言，Gap单是设计酝酿期就达两、三个月。

服装贬值很快，每天贬值0.7%，计算机产品为每天 0.1%。因而缩短前导时间有多重好处：对市场潮流反应快，减少服装贬值，服装公司不用预先做好大量成衣，减少存货费用和存货风险；避免生产出不受顾客欢迎的服装，从而避免服装公司因估计错误而令服装囤积，并可以避免以折扣来促销所导致的损失。

Zara没有试图做时尚潮流的创造者，而是努力做时尚潮流的快速反应者：在流行趋势刚刚出现的时候准确识别并迅速推出相应的服装款式，从而快速响应潮流。

快速反应模式需要有快速的供应链：Zara采购的布料都是未染色的，而是根据实时需求染色。Zara选择让自己的工厂仅做高度自动化的工作，用高科技生产设备做染色、剪裁等工作，而把人力密集型的工作外包。

为了快速反应，Zara的采购和生产都在欧洲进行，只有最基本款式的20%的服装在亚洲等低成本地区生产。Zara拥有高科技的自动物流配送中心，在欧洲用卡车两天内可以保证到达。而在美国和日本，Zara甚至不惜成本采用空运以提高速度。

对 Zara这些公司而言，零售是整个经营链条的重要一环。Zara的零售是处在一个“进货快与销货快”自我强化的正循环之中：分店每周根据销售情况下订单两次，这就减少了打折处理存货的情况，也降低了库存成本；款式更新快加强了其新鲜感，吸引消费者不断重复光顾；快速更新店面里的货品也确保了它们能符合顾客的品味。

郎咸平教授在其新著《模式：零售连锁业战略思维与发展模式》中预测：未来时装业将朝着“Zara模式”发展。

E. 作为快时尚品牌的Zara仍然一枝独秀，为何Zara能长盛不衰

Zara在快时尚日渐没落的今天依然能够占据服装市场的的一席之地，不仅仅是因为它独特的营销策略以及服装的设计和质量，也是因为它懂得随着时代潮流积极地改变自己，逐渐优化自己的经营结构来适应电商的崛起。它作为快时尚品牌的界的大佬之一稳居高位并不是没有原因的。

最后，Zara能够顺应电商时代的销售趋势，积极开拓新的营销领域。虽然电商仍然是其规模较小的渠道，但是，Zara电商的客单价已经超过实体店，今年上半年集团11%的同店销售增长，Zara电商的贡献是无疑的。Zara在全球120家店铺中引进了虚拟现实技术，对实体店进行改造。消费者通过手机选择产品让模特试穿，然后通过店内传感器投射在AR购物窗，吸引了更多年轻用户进店消费。

F. Zara实现低成本战略的手段有哪些这些方法可以复制吗

双供应链的策略。Zara采用了双供应链的策略，时尚款的快速响应供应链和基本款的低成本供应链。不可以复制，双供应链的策略是只有Zara可以使用的策略。