跟市场营销相关的外文文献

⑴ 求两个关于市场营销的外文文献参考，以参考文献形式发给我就行……如图

我们图书馆提供国外各类文献，您可以来查找，然后自行写出参考文献

⑵ 营销策略论文参考文献

营销策略论文参考文献

无论是在学校还是在社会中，大家对论文都再熟悉不过了吧，论文是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段。一篇什么样的论文才能称为优秀论文呢？下面是我为大家整理的营销策略论文参考文献，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

营销策略论文参考文献1

[1]营销策略论文参考文献[1](美)菲利普·科特勒、凯文·莱恩·凯勒.营销管理.[M].上海:格致出版社,2009.

[2](美)菲利普·科特勒、加里·阿姆斯特朗...市场营销原理.[M].上海.中国人民大学出版社,2010.

[3](美)杰罗姆麦卡锡.市场营销学基础.[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社.

[4]美)迈克尔·波特.竞争战略.[M].北京:华夏出版社,2005.

[5](美)彼得·德鲁克.管理的实践.[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2009.

[6]余明阳.市场营销战略.[M].北京:清华大学出版社、北京交通大学出版社,2009.

[7]李东红编.营销战略.[M].北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社.2010.

[8](美)拉里·博西迪.拉姆·查兰.管理的实践.[M].北京:中信出版社,2005.

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[14]南京市开发区协调管理委员会.开发区转型发展战略研究[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2010.

[15]广州经济技术开发区管委会.加快实施双提升战略、促进开发区转型升级[J].港口经济,2011(02).

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[27](英)格雷厄姆·胡利、约翰·桑德斯、奈杰尔·皮尔西[M].营销战略与竞争定位.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007.

[28]卢新海.开发区发展与土地利用[M].北京:中国财经经济出版社,2005. [29}傅强.依托重大项目推动转型发展[J].科技与出版.2011.

营销策略论文参考文献2

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营销策略论文参考文献3

[1].刘子安,中国市场营销,对外经济贸易大学出版社,2016年3月第一版,p105-p125.

[2].(美)菲利普·科特勒,营销管理,中国人民大学出版社,2016年7月第十版.

[3].凯文,战略品牌管理,中国人民大学出版社,1998年,p205-p253.

[4].(英)史密斯等著,方海萍等译,市场营销传播方法与技巧,电子工业出版社,2016年,p134-p168.

[5].李蔚,营销策划,中国经济出版社,2002016年,p56-p90.

[6].汪涛,广告管理,武汉大学出版社,2016年,p100-p115.

[7].胡成中,企业文化与品牌战略,经济日报出版社,2016年,p254-p280.

[8].新加坡唐拉尔著,阳水荣等译,高科技品牌管理:创建新经济时代强势品牌,机械工业出版社,2016年,p360-p380.

[9].凌志军,联想风云,中信出版社,2016年,p148-p160.

[10].乔.吉拉德,戴尔-突破市场的销售细节直销,哈尔滨出版社,2016年,p56-p62.

[11].刘红强,戴尔营销,经济科学出版,2016年,p39-p45.

[12].赵波,联想:公正与效率的博弈,销售与市场杂志XX第8期.

[13].董文胜王缨杨欣,联想从裁员到新文化运动中外管理,2016年5期.

[14].黄景清,10个令你拍案叫绝的营销案例,中华工商联合出版社,XX.

[15].孙在国,体验经济与企业营销战略的调整,经济经纬,22016年第1期.

[16].泽丝曼尔,服务营销,机械工业出版社,2016年,p150-p163.

[17].business and the environment,harvard business review,XX.

营销策略论文参考文献4

[1]左仁淑 . 关系营销 : 服务营销的理论基础 . 四川大学学报 , 2004,(4): 19-23

[2]科特勒, 洪瑞云, 梁绍明等. 市场营销管理(亚洲版). 第 3 版. 北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2004, 15-35

[3]Heide J B, George J. Do Norms Matter in Marketing Relationships. Journal of Marketing, 1992, 56(2): 32-44

[4]陈绍福, 徐宝瑞. 现代医院创新经营. 中国医院管理, 2001, 21(11):60-62

[5]张英. 现代医院应树立的十大营销观念. 中国卫生产业, 2004, (2):76-78

[6]贾守营 . 金牌医院商务策划 . 广州 : 华南理工大学出版社 , 2005,188-193

[7]科特勒, 洪瑞云, 梁绍明等. 市场营销管理(亚洲版). 第 2 版. 北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2001, 55-56

[8]Frank H, Andreas H, Robert E M. Gaining competitive advantagethrough customer value oriented management. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2005, 22(6): 23-24

[9]丁桂兰. 医疗机构营销. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2005, 107-113

[10]Christian Gro nroos. Strategic Management and Marketing in the Service Sector. Cambridge. Mass: Marketing Science Institute, 1983,85-88

[11]Parasuraman A, Valarie A Zeithaml, Leonard L Berry. SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for Measuring Customer Perceptions of Service Quality, Cambridge. Mass: Marketing Science Institute, 1986, 30-32

[12]Liljander Veronica. Comparison Standards in Perceived Service Quality. Helsingfors: Svenska Handelsho gskolan, 1995

[13]Strandvik, Tore. Tolerance Zones In Perceived Service Quality. Helsingfors: Svenska Handelsh gskolan, 1994

[14]菲利普 科特勒 . 营销管理 . 第九版 . 上海 : 上海人民出版社 ,217-218

[15]Gronroos C. Internal Marketing-Theory and Practice, in American1999 Marketing Association Services Marketing ConferenceProceedings, 1981, 41-47

营销策略论文参考文献5

[1][美]沃伦.基根.全球营销管理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1997年版.

[2][美]菲力浦.科特勒.市场营销管理[M]..北京:中国人民大学出版社,996年版.

[3]屈云波.品牌营销[M]..北京:.企业管理出版社,1996年版.

[4]李弘,董大海.市场营销[M].大连:大工出版社,.2000年版.

[5]京华企业咨询公司(编).品牌巨匠[M].北京:今日中国出版社,1996年版.

[6]汤正如.市场营销学教学[M]..沈阳:辽宁大学出版社,1993年版.

[7]京华企业咨询公司(编).品牌巨匠[M].北京:今日中国出版社,1996年版.

[8].朱方明.品牌促销[M].北京:中国经济出版社,1998年版.

[9]吴宪和.营销形象策划[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,1998年版.

[10]晃钢令.营销战略策划[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,1998年版.

[11]朱方明.品牌促销[M].北京:中国经济出版社,1998年版.

[12]陈志.中国民营企业品牌战略[J].当代经理人(中旬刊),2006,(21).

[13]木梓.以品牌战略推动企业发展[J].信息网络,2007,(3).

[14]刘红霞.我国企业品牌战略问题研究[J].江西金融职工大学学报,2007,(1).

[15]刘新民.我国品牌战略存在的问题与对策[J].郑州航空工业管理学院学报,2005,(4).

[16]胡号寰,钟兆青.中国企业实施品牌战略的`思考[J].长江大学学报(社会科学版),2005,(6).

[17]董伟达.品牌战略与企业发展的关系[J].科技与管理,2005,(6).

[18]于法领.关于品牌战略[J].北方经济,2005,(10).

[19]李水平.浅谈企业的品牌战略[J].湖南财经高等专科学校学报,2004,(3).

[20]姬雄华.企业品牌战略选择研究[J]. 延安大学学报(社会科学版),2001,(3).

[21]蒋海岩.实施品牌战略 创企业名牌[J].山东行政学院.山东省经济管理干部学院学报,2001,(2).

[22]赵小红.试论品牌战略的实施要点[J].科技情报开发与经济,2001,(6).

[23]Arnold,D. The Handbook of Brand Management, FT/Pitman Publishing, London.

[24]Dechernatony, L. and Mcdonald, M.H.B. Creating Powerful Brands, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. 1992

[25]Hankinson, G. and Cowking, P Branding in Action, McGraw-Hill,London. 1993

[26]Kapferer, J. H Strategic Brand Management, Kogan Page,London.

营销策略论文参考文献6

[1]左仁淑 . 关系营销 : 服务营销的理论基础 . 四川大学学报

[2]科特勒, 洪瑞云, 梁绍明等. 市场营销管理(亚洲版). 第 3 版. 北京:中国人民大学出版社

[3]Heide J B, George J. Do Norms Matter in Marketing Relationships. Journal of Marketing

[4]陈绍福, 徐宝瑞. 现代医院创新经营. 中国医院管理

[5]张英. 现代医院应树立的十大营销观念. 中国卫生产业

[6]贾守营 . 金牌医院商务策划 . 广州 : 华南理工大学出版社

[7]科特勒, 洪瑞云, 梁绍明等. 市场营销管理(亚洲版). 第 2 版. 北京:中国人民大学出版社

[8]Frank H, Andreas H, Robert E M. Gaining competitive advantagethrough customer value oriented management. Journal of Consumer Marketing

[9]丁桂兰. 医疗机构营销. 北京: 清华大学出版社

[10]Christian Gro nroos. Strategic Management and Marketing in the Service Sector. Cambridge. Mass: Marketing Science Institute

[11]Parasuraman A, Valarie A Zeithaml, Leonard L Berry. SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for Measuring Customer Perceptions of Service Quality, Cambridge. Mass: Marketing Science Institute

[12]Liljander Veronica. Comparison Standards in Perceived Service Quality. Helsingfors: Svenska Handelsho gskolan

[13]Strandvik, Tore. Tolerance Zones In Perceived Service Quality. Helsingfors: Svenska Handelsh gskolan

[14]菲利普 · 科特勒 . 营销管理 . 第九版 . 上海 : 上海人民出版社

[15]Gronroos C. Internal Marketing-Theory and Practice, in American1999 Marketing Association Services Marketing ConferenceProceedings

[16]周成红,肖锦诚 . 谈医疗服务市场特征及营销策略 . 卫生软科学

[17]王恕, 陈玉文. 顾客关系管理在医院营销中的应用. 国际医药卫生导报

[18]张英. 品牌战略现代医院营销利器. 国际医药卫生导报

[19]张洪才. 医院差异化营销的探讨. 卫生经济研究

[20]朱恒鑫. 医院经营策略医院一对一营销学. 北京: 清华大学出版社

[21]黄国英, 张公惠. 优质服务与三级医院服务营销策略的关系. 中国医院管理

[22]马淑燕. 现代医院营销战略的实践与思考. 中国卫生经济

[23]迈克·波特. 陈小悦译. 竞争战略. 北京: 华夏出版社

[24]邱巍, 代维昭. 上海瑞金一哈佛心脏中心市场定位和营销策略. 上海交通大学学报(医学版)

[25]张英 . 医疗市场细分与目标医疗市场选择 . 中华医院管理杂志

[26]菲利普·科特勒,托马斯·海斯,保罗·N·布卢姆等著 . 俞利军译. 专业服务营销. 北京: 中信出版社

[27]佩恩. 郑薇译. 服务营销. 2 月版. 北京: 中信出版社

[28]邢永杰,吕爱芝 . 关于医院服务营销的分析 . 中华医院管理杂志

[29]易世志. 浅析波士顿矩阵法的局限. 商业研究

[30]付凤环,尹世全 . 关系营销理论对公立专科医院营销管理的启示 .中国肿瘤

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⑶ 市场营销毕业论文外文文献

论电信企业市场营销策略
[摘要]电信全球化与国际竞争的新趋势,给我国电信业带来了前所未有的压力与挑战,根据我国电信企业行业特点与营销重点,提出全员营销、摒弃传统广告宣传方式、营建全新企业文化及拓宽范围,实行差别化经营等策略。

“所谓服务业这一行业根本不存在,只是各行业中服务成分所占的比重大小有所不同而已,每个人都在为他服务”。(TheoeloeLevitt语)显然,电信企业应属于服务成分较大的行业,笔者试从电信企业现状及服务业的特点入手,阐述电信企业的营销策略。

一、电信企业的正确定位

电信全球化与国际竞争的新趋势,给我们带来了前所未有的压力和挑战。一些新的经营理念,竞争观念、手段和策略正以惊人的速度向国人走来,并日益深刻地影响着国内通信市场。

资产重组后的电信企业由于无线寻呼的剥离,邮政与电信的分营,移动公司的独立,实力受到了明显的削弱,经营范围与市场空间也随之相应变得狭窄。而在我们电信企业整体实力削弱的同时,我们的竞争对手无论从数量还是从实力,都不再是以前那样的弱小。我们对于通讯市场曾经有过的垄断时代已成为“昨日黄花”,电信市场不再有“巨无霸”的存在,代之而起的是诸侯割据群雄逐鹿。同时经历了这几年电信市场的长足发展,邮电通信能力和技术水平飞速提高,邮电通信不再是影响国民经济发展的瓶颈部门。从总体上说,通信能力与市场需求相比已经不再是短缺。更为严重的是,在国内需求普遍疲软的情况下,WTO正一步步向我们走来,我们未来的竞争对手将比现在可怕上不只十倍百倍。

因而,在目前市场相对饱和的情况下,“加快发展,千方百计满足用户需要”,已经不应再成为我们电信企业的宣传口号和行动指南。面对日益壮大的竞争对手和相对狭小的空间,如果仅仅立足于用户需要的满足,我们将失去现有的市场。我们必须清醒地认识到:市场营销才是企业的首要任务。这既是企业工作的起点,又是企业工作的终点。没有市场营销企业就无法生存。“先有市场后有产品”之所以成为近几年企业界流行的经营方针即缘于此。由此可见,市场营销是企业发展的必由之路,强化营销,发现需求,选择市场需求是企业的第一任务,是关系企业生存发展的大事。因而,我们当前的任务当是创造市场,制造需求,引导消费,唯如此,我们电信企业方会在市场竞争中立于不败之地。

二、电信企业行业特点与营销重点

电信企业从属服务行业,因而我们必须从服务行业的特点出发,制定出符合行业特征的市场营销方案。“服务是一方能够向另一方提供的基本上是无形的任何功效或利益,并且不导致任何所有权的产生。它的生产可能与某种有形产品密切联系在一起,也可能毫无联系”。这就决定了电信企业具有如下行业特点:

(一)不可触摸性

服务是无形的。与有形产品不同,服务在被购买以前是看不见、品味不到,摸不着、听不到或嗅不出的。而购买者为减少这种不可触摸性所带来的不确定性,他们必然会寻求服务质量的标志或证据。他们将从看到的地方、人员、设备、沟通资料、象征和价格等方面,作出服务质量的判断。

因此,服务提供者的任务是“经营证据”、“化无形为有形”。产品营销者受到的挑战是要求他们增加抽象观念,而服务营销者受到的挑战则是要求他们在其抽象供应上增加有形证据。

如果我们想使我们的企业看起来服务快速和有效,就要中以试用以下几种工具使这种定位策略有形化。

1、场所电信的有形环境必须暗示出快速和有效的服务。企业的外部和内部设计要做到整洁明快,对办公桌子的摆设和人行通道应进行认真设计规划,从外观上看,等持接持的顾客所排队伍不应过长,应有足够的坐位给正在办理业务的顾客。

2、人员全体工作人员应当是忙碌的。他们应当做到衣着得体统一,并佩戴统一标志如工牌,并在始终保持微笑服务的同时做到来有迎声,去有送语。

3、沟通资料沟通资料应能表明高效率,宣传小册子应做到印刷清晰,层次分明,图片也应经过认真选择。

4、象征即企业的标志,如电信的徽记。

5、价格各种服务价格要能始终保持简单明了。

(二)不可分离性

服务的生产与消费二者一般而方是同时进行的。这与有形物品的情况不同,后者是被制造出来的,先投入存储,随后销售,最后被消费。如果服务是由人提供的,那么这个人就是服务的一部分。因为当服务正在生产时顾客也在场,提供者和顾客相互作用,是服务营销的一个特征,提供者和顾客两者对服务的结果都有影响。

(三)可变性

服务具有极大的可变性。因为服务取决于由谁来提供以及在何时、何地提供。对服务质量的控制可采取两个步骤:第一步,投资于挑选优秀的工作人员并进行培训。对服务提供者进行培训,使其对顾客出现的各种情况都能做出适当反应,从而减少服务的可变性;第二步,通过顾客建议和投诉系统,顾客调查和对比购买,追踪了解顾客的满意情况。这样,质量较差的服务便可被察觉出来并得以更正。

(四)易消失性

服务不具有可贮藏性。不可能事先生产出服务留待以后消费。它的生产过程本身就是消费的过程,因而极易消失。

由于服务性企业具有以上特点,因而服务性企业如果只用传统的市场营销方法来经营势必困难。在服务性企业中,顾客面对着服务质量不太稳定和较多变化的服务者,服务结果不仅受服务提供者的影响,而且受“不公开的”生产过程的影响。因而服务性企业的营销不仅需要传统的市场营销,而且还要插入其他两种市场营销,即内部市场营销和交互作用的市场营销。

内部市场营销,意指服务公司必须对直接接待顾客的人员以及所有辅助服务人员进行培养和激励,使其通力合作,以便使顾客满意。市场营销部门可能做的最大贡献应是:“特别善于促使机构的其他部门每个人都实行市场营销。”(贝利语)

交互作用市场营销,意指感知的服务质量在很大程度上取决于买者和卖者之间交互工作用的质量。在产品营销中,产品质量与如何被取得的方式之间毫无联系,但是在服务营销中,服务质量则是同服务供应者混为一体的。顾客评价服务质量,不仅依据其技术质量,而且依据其职能质量。因此,专业人员必须掌握交互作用市场营销的技巧。

相对于传统营销而方,内部市场营销与交互作用的市场营销共同构成现代市场营销———全员营销。亦即市场营销的重点就是全员营销。
三、全员营销的营销策略

全员营销不仅包括营销手段的整体性,还包括营销主体的整体性及营销战略的整体性。传统的营销是以生产者为中心,以产品售出为目的,而现代营销是以顾客为中心,以顾客满意为目标,所要达到的最终目的如日本丰田公司的经理在推出凌志汽车时所说:“我们不应仅满足于顾客满意,我们的最终目的是使顾客愉悦”。

怎样才能做到这一点呢?这就要求我样牢固树立“企业以市场营销为核心,市场营销以顾客满意为核心”的观念,将产品开发、技术改造、结构调整、生产管理、内部改革、资本运营等工作统一到服务和服从于市场这个中心上来,把搞好市场营销放在一切经营活动的第一位,以市场营销部门为中心,管理、生产、后勤部门以顾客满意为目标向市场营销部门提供服务。亦即搞好对外营销必须先搞好对内营销。某家旅游公司曾提出过这样的口号“员工第一、顾客第二”,其含义并非是不重视顾客,而是将员工列为第一的目的在于使企业员工满意,以崭新的面貌迎接顾客,从而实现顾客的满意。在树立“员工第一”思想的同时牢固树立“前一部门是后一部门的顾客”的思想,从而最大限度的激活内部市场营销。

全员营销的一个很明显的特征就是:每道工序、每个员工与顾客都处于同一个不可分割的价值链,每个员工的工作都与顾客密切相关,只不过越靠近顾客的对顾客的影响越大。作为电信企业仅局限于对外的窗口,更不能仅仅局限于营业厅,我们以前抓服务的重点放在营业厅,而忽视了对另一些主要的服务群体如机线人员的管理。对于电信企业而言,机线人员服务的好坏对我们企业经营的影响更为直观。而在我们以前的实际工作当中,只是狠抓营业员的服务,而忽视了机线人员的规范化服务,导致我们的机线人员不象是国有企业的员工,反倒象是农村的个体包工队,极大地影响了我们的声誉。全员营销应注重这些重要环节,不允许出现任何细徽的漏洞。

全员营销的另一个前提是员工整体素质的提高。这就要求我们的员工不仅要精通自己分管的业务,对于我们电信企业所有的业务都应有全面的了解。威海电信局曾经实行过“首问负责制”,意即每个员工在接听客户的电话,为客户提供咨询服务时,不应回答“不知道”,而应负责到底,为客户咨询有关部门,给予客户满意的答复。这种做法虽然比以前有所进步,但弊端在于浪费了客户的时间,降低了客户的满意度。请设想一下,如果我们每一个员工对每个问题都能对答如流,对每项业务都能如数家珍,这对我们的企业发展将会起到多大的推动作用。因而,从一线员工到支撑系统员工,不但要有全心全意为客户服务的觉悟,还要有过硬的服务本领。加强全体员工的技能培训,使其不仅知其然,而知其所以然,为客户提供高质量的服务。

全员营销还需要提供相应的技术支持,提高服务的技术层次。体现服务水平的还有服务技术、服务手段。不仅包括服务手段的技术化,还包括通信能力的提高和通信手段的增多。借助高科技手段,实现服务层次的飞跃。如计算机的普及,使收费速度大大提高;联网收费,使客户体会网多面广的优势;产品的更新换代,满足不同层次消费群体的消费需求。

由于全员营销具有上述特征,因而在实际操作中,与传统营销手段并用,将会取得事半功倍的效果。

四、摒弃传统广告宣传,建设全新企业文化

服务性企业较之制造企业在营销方面有许多不足,根据美国乔治和迈尔克斯德尔的调查,可以得出以下结论:(1)一般来说市场营销部门较少可能实行市场营销组合活动;(2)在提供服务区域较少可能进行市场营销分析;(3)很可能在内部处理自己的广告而不是求助于外部的广告社;(4)较少可能制定全面的销售计划;(5)较少可能制定和实施销售培训方案;(6)较少可能利用营销研究公司和营销顾问;(7)如用销售总额百分比表示用于市场营销上的费用,在这方面则有可能花费更少。

作为曾经是国家垄断经营的电信企业,其实际营销手段比以上的论述更差。作为“官商”,我们曾经信奉的教条是“皇帝女儿不愁嫁”,作为“瓶颈部门”,我们曾级“酒好不怕巷子深”,这些陈规陋习导致我们在向市场经济转向的同时,不可避免地留有尚未褪化完全的计划经济的胎记。我们很多电信企业的广告仅仅做在家门口,做在营业厅里,我们在电视电台报纸所做的也仅仅是干巴巴的条文广告。广告这一引导消费的手段居然堕落到“顾客须知”的地步,广告魅力在我们那种做了也白做的论调中消失殆尽。我们所做的广告仅仅向人们表明我们做过广告。值得庆幸的是,我们有些经营者发现了这些问题。虽然我们欠缺国际商业巨头的大手笔,但我们绝对不能丧失商海博激的信心和勇气。一些电信企业的经验很值得我们推广:如在不同时间,针对不同的消费群体实行了不同的广告宣传,收到了较好的社会效益和经济效益。但在我们所有广告宣传中,缺少最根本的主题———企业文化的宣传。

企业文化包括在长期生产过程中形成的经营思想、管理方式、群体意识和行为规范。它贯穿于企业发展道路、生产业务、经营管理以及职工思想政治、文化修养、业务技术素质的方方面面。高水平的质量服务文化,才能创出优质的服务,创优质服务又有力地推进企业的质量服务文化建设。众所周知,海尔公司在兼并红星电器厂时,仅派驻了几个管理人员,就使红星厂由亏损几千万的企业5个月内扭亏,他们凭借的是海尔品牌、海尔企业文化的灌输。由此可见,企业文化对于一个企业而方,无疑是企业魂。

因而我们在使用传统的广告营销手段的同时,应侧重于企业文化的建设与宣传,学会利用各种媒体树立我们的形象。如我们可以对社会有影响的群体实行优惠政策,借以提高我们的知名度;积极参与公益活动,树立良好的企业形象。这种投入与产出的比肯定会优于广告的效果。同时注重企业的文化建设,弘扬企业,创企业品牌,求名牌效益,力争取得经济效益的同时获得良好的社会效益。

五、价格手段,不可多用,不能滥用

价格大战一直是企业界惯用的营销手续。曾几何时,价格成为我们企业的制胜法宝,推销产品的不二法门。仿佛祭起价格这个大旗,就可以战无不胜,所向披靡。但我们的消费者正一步步走向成熟,他们不再满足于小幅度的降价手段,最终结果导致价格战的恶性循环。近几年较为有名的是全国的彩电价格大战,造成全国彩电行业至少53亿的损失。“城门失火,殃及池鱼”,彩电大战导致了今年上半年的彩管行业的全面停产,彩管行业只能用减少供应量祈求价格的回升。在我们通讯市场,同样是烽烟四起,价格战的最终结果是“鹬蚌相争,渔夫得利”,这里的渔夫并不是指由于降价而得到实惠的消费者,而是指国际上那些圆睁双眼,紧盯我们这块世界上最大的尚未开放的通讯市场的通讯业的巨头们。我们原本就不足以与之抗衡,我们本应该联手与之竞争,而我们采取的价格战无疑将自己的市场廉价出售给了他们。当然价格战并非一无是处,通过价格大战,可以做到优胜劣汰,导致市场资源的重新配置,并由此锻炼我们的企业抗风浪的能力。但是价格手段毕竟是双刃剑,此应不可多用,更不能滥用。而应该配合企业社会形象的树立,针对特殊群体采取价格攻势;同时价格不能一降再降,那样会使顾客有了等待心理,反而更糟。

六、拓宽经营范围,实行差别化服务

当价格战与铺天盖地的广告刺激不了消费时,我们应该拓宽经营范围,实行差别化管理。但是要想做到将我们的服务与竞争者的服务区别开来是件十分困难的事。经营范围的缩小,竞争对手的增多,使得价格竞争愈演愈烈,许多顾客对产品的要求不多,只要省钱就行。由此可见,只要顾客认为服务的差别不大,他们对提供关心程度便会小于对价格的关心。解决价格竞争的办法是发展差别供应和建立差别形象,提高顾客的满意度。因为一个满意的顾客对价格的关心程度低于对提供服务者的关心程度,同时一个满意的顾客较为容易的接受开展的新业务,而且对我们电信企业的成本而言,发展一个新顾客远比吸引一个老顾客的费用高。因而我们电信企业应凭借自己的资源优势实行差别化服务管理。

这种差别化服务管理具有两层意思,其一为本企业与外企业的不同,使顾客能明确我们所提供的服务为别人所无法提供的。这一点可以配合企业的文化建设进行。其工作重点应侧重于经营范围的拓展,让我们的服务永远走在别人的前面。其二对不同的顾客采取不同的营销策略。

经营范围的拓展,不仅包括外延的拓展,还包括内涵的拓展;不仅仅是量的增加,还包括质的提高。同时细分市场,做到有的放矢。比如对学生较为集中的地区,实行免费装机发售电话卡刺激消费;对于消费层次不高的人应教会他们使用程控电话的多项功能,如“呼叫等待”、“转移呼叫”等,提高通话率;对于消费层次较高的人应大力宣传“一线通”等先进业务;对于大用户(主要指那些群体数量少但业务量比重大的用户)建立大户室,设立大用户档案,甚至于采取青岛局的办法:为大用户设立“绿色通道”,特事特办,使大户业务稳中有升,同时推出新业务后率先向他演示,从而引导消费。

总之,在我们电信企业的市场营销工作中,要以现代营销观念为主,以传统营销观念为辅;以全员营销思想为主导,突出营销部门的地位;淡化广告宣传效应,重视企业文化建设;忽略价格杠杆功能,严格差别化服务管理;立足现有市场,创造消费需求;以先进的营销理念武装我们的头脑,使我们电信企业在未来的竞争中永立潮头,勇往直前。

⑷ 市场营销专业参考文献

市场营销专业参考文献

导语：市场营销，又称为市场学、市场行销或行销学，是指个人或者企业通过交易其创造的产品或价值，从而实现双赢或多赢的过程。下面是我分享的市场营销专业的参考文献，欢迎阅读!

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[22]赵小红.试论品牌战略的实施要点[J].科技情报开发与经济,2001,(6).

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[17] 唐胜辉,陈海波. 论家电行业营销渠道创新[J]. 企业家天地. 2009(01)

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[19] 周理民,刘伟. 新营销时代太阳能热水器渠道和经销商的嬗变[J]. 太阳能. 2008(06)

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[4]何德浩.有关电力营销管理创新策略的探讨[J].中小企业管理与科技(上旬刊),2009(10).

[5]牛文琪,沈建红.市场营销(电力方向)专业实践教学体系建设研究[J].中国电力教育,2009(8).

[6]谢俊.农村电力市场分析及营销措施[J].大科技:科技天地,2011(21):171~172.

[7]谢峰.论国有企业电力市场开发及营销策略[J].企业家天地月刊,2012(06):90~92.

[8]程斌.电力市场开发及营销思路构架分析[J].中国高新技术企业,2014(30):7~9.

[9]张鹏.分析电力市场营销的特点与组合策略.中华民居,2013(1).

[10]曹定军.电力市场营销特点及组合策略分析.中国新技术新产品,2012(12).

[11]梁裕琪.电力市场营销理念及策略分析.中国电力教育,2012(36).

[12]张健.对中高职课程有机衔接的.思考[J].教育与职业,2012,2

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[1] 包敦安,司千字,程绍武. 家电企业营销渠道的现状、发展趋势及生产厂商的对策[J]. 企业经济,2008(07):62-64

[2] 叶萍. 我国家电行业营销渠道模式的变革[J]. 天津市职工现代企业管理学学报,2007(06):25-26

[3] 王国才,王希凤,龚国华. 家电企业分销渠道优化策略研究[J]. 商业研究,2008(16):71-73

[4] 艾略特,艾伯格著. 4R营销[M]. 企业管理出版社,2003:12

[5] 贾丽博. “格力渠道模式”战略分析与对策[J]. 北京市财贸管理干部学院学报,2007(04):40-43

[6] 向学锋. 创新营销五模式[M].海洋出版社,2002

[7] 向海清,何璐,许勇. 中国家电分销模式比较[J]. 销售与市场,2008(12):34-36

[8] 白文宇,李晓华. 海尔集团营销渠道策略分析[J]. 经济师,2007(03):182-184

[9] Coughan, Anne T, Stem, Louls w, EI-ansary, Adel Li. Marketing channels [M]. Prentice Hall, Inc, 2008.

[10] Steth, Jagdish N, Garder, David M. Marketing Theroy: Evalution[M]. Joho Wiley and Sons, Ine, 1988

[11] Philip Kotier. Marketing Managemeni[M]. 10th, Prentice Hall, Inc, 2006.

[12] 张富禄. 解读整合营销[J]. 市场营销,2009

[13] 韩德昌. 市场营销理论与实务[M]. 天津大学出版社,2007

[14] 赵国柱. 当代市场营销学[M]. 浙江大学出版社,2006

[15] 张美霞. 销售模拟与预测方法[J]

市场营销专业参考文献5

[1](美)菲利普.科特勒.营销管理(第八版)[M].上海人民出版社.1994:920.

[2](美)杜塞尔.麦肯锡方法[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2010.

[3][美]PhilipKotler,GaryArmstrong.PrinciplesofMarketing(9hEdition)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002:128-162.

[4][美]迈克.波特.竞争战略[M].北京:华夏出版社,1997:33-60.

[5]菲利普.科特勒,阿姆斯特朗.市场营销学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2012:3.

[6]罗伯特.肖有效营销[M].北京:中信出版社,2004:5.

[7][美]杰恩.巴尼著.王俊杰,杨彬等译.获得与保持竞争优势(第2版)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2013

[8][美]科特勒著,高登第译.科特勒营销策略[M].北京:中信出版社,2011

[9]斯蒂芬.罗宾斯著,黄卫伟等译.管理学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997.

[10]萨布哈什.杰恩.市场营销策划与战略[M].北京:中信出版社,2009.

[11]张建华.十六大以后关注面临的首要问题[M].北京:经济日报:2011:74-82

[12]杨慧.市场营销学[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2011.

[13]晃钢令.市场营销学[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2003.

[14]何永祺,张传忠,蔡新春.市场营销学[M].辽宁:东北财经大学出版社,2007:358-363

[15]牛克洪.山东省管煤炭企业核心竞争力分析与评价体系研究[J].煤炭企业,2010,(8).

[16]惠卫峰.金融危机下煤炭企业面临的问题与对策[J].煤炭经济研究,2009.8:15-16.

[17]苏大华.浅谈煤炭市场营销策略[J].内江科技,2008,(03).

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[20]嵇建新.煤炭企业营销策略[J].合作经济与科技,2009,(13).

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[22]吕文培.打造以和谐共赢为特色的煤炭营销文化[J].中国煤炭,2011(2):112-114.

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;

⑸ 急求关于市场营销或则房地产相关的英文论文

Marketing is an integrated communications-based process through which indivials and communities discover that existing and newly-identified needs and wants may be satisfied by the procts and services of others.

Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. [1] The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to market, as in shopping, or going to a market to buy or sell goods or services.

Marketing practice tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research. Seen from a systems point of view, sales process engineering views marketing as a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions[2], whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new approaches.

Marketing is influenced by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology and neuroscience are also small but growing influences. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. The marketing literature is also infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.

Contents [hide]
1 Four Ps
2 Proct
2.1 Branding
3 Marketing communications
3.1 Advertising
3.1.1 Functions and advantages of successful advertising
3.1.2 Objectives
3.1.3 Requirements of a good advertisement
3.1.4 Eight steps in an advertising campaign
3.2 Personal sales
3.3 Sales promotion
3.4 Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
4 Customer focus
5 Proct focus
6 Areas of marketing specialization
7 See also
8 Related lists
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links

[edit] Four Ps
Main article: Marketing mix
In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a “Marketing Mix”. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, also at the Harvard Business School in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements: proct, price, place and promotion.

Proct: The proct aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants. The scope of a proct generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support.
Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a proct, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the proct or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention. Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing science.
Placement (or distribution): refers to how the proct gets to the customer; for example, point-of-sale placement or retailing. This third P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a proct or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or instry, to which segment (young alts, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the proct is sold in can affect sales.
Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling. Branding refers to the various methods of promoting the proct, brand, or company.
These four elements are often referred to as the marketing mix,[3] which a marketer can use to craft a marketing plan.

The four Ps model is most useful when marketing low value consumer procts. Instrial procts, services, high value consumer procts require adjustments to this model. Services marketing must account for the unique nature of services.

Instrial or B2B marketing must account for the long term contractual agreements that are typical in supply chain transactions. Relationship marketing attempts to do this by looking at marketing from a long term relationship perspective rather than indivial transactions.

As a counter to this, Morgan, in Riding the Waves of Change (Jossey-Bass, 1988), suggests that one of the greatest limitations of the 4 Ps approach "is that it unconsciously emphasizes the inside–out view (looking from the company outwards), whereas the essence of marketing should be the outside–in approach".

[edit] Proct
Main article: New Proct Development

[edit] Branding
Main article: Brand
A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes procts and services from competitive offerings. A brand represents the consumers' experience with an organization, proct, or service. A brand is more than a name, design or symbol. Brand reflects personality of the company which is organizational culture.

A brand has also been defined as an identifiable entity that makes a specific value based on promises made and kept either actively or passively.

Branding means creating reference of certain procts in mind.

Co-branding involves marketing activity involving two or more procts.

[edit] Marketing communications
Marketing communications breaks down the strategies involved with marketing messages into categories based on the goals of each message. There are distinct stages in converting strangers to customers that govern the communication medium that should be used.

[edit] Advertising
Paid form of public presentation and expressive promotion of ideas
Aimed at masses
Manufacturer may determine what goes into advertisement
Pervasive and impersonal medium

[edit] Functions and advantages of successful advertising
Task of the salesman made easier
Maximize sales
Publicity
Brand building
Create awareness
Persuade buyers
Introction of new proct
Enable market leadership
To face competition
To inform changes
To counteract to competitors advertisement
To enhance goodwill

[edit] Objectives
Maintain demand for well-known goods
Introce new and unknown goods
Increase demand for well-known goods/procts/services

[edit] Requirements of a good advertisement
The AIDA principle. Attention, Interest, Desire and Action

Attract attention (awareness)
Stimulate interest
Create a desire
Bring about action (to buy the proct)

[edit] Eight steps in an advertising campaign
Market research
Setting out aims
Budgeting
Choice of media (television, newspaper/magazines, radio, web, outdoor)
Choice of actors and players (New Trend)
Design and wording
Co-ordination
Test results

[edit] Personal sales
Oral presentation given by a salesperson who approaches indivials or a group of potential customers:

Live, interactive relationship
Personal interest
Attention and response
Interesting presentation
Clear and thorough.

[edit] Sales promotion
Short-term incentives to encourage buying of procts:

Instant appeal
Anxiety to sell
An example is coupons or a sale. People are given an incentive to buy, but this does not build customer loyalty or encourage future repeat buys. A major drawback of sales promotion is that it is easily copied by competition. It cannot be used as a sustainable source of differentiation.

[edit] Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
Stimulation of demand through press release giving a favourable report to a proct
Higher degree of credibility
Effectively news
Boosts enterprise's image

[edit] Customer focus
Many companies today have a customer focus (or market orientation). This implies that the company focuses its activities and procts on consumer demands. Generally there are three ways of doing this: the customer-driven approach, the sense of identifying market changes and the proct innovation approach.

In the consumer-driven approach, consumer wants are the drivers of all strategic marketing decisions. No strategy is pursued until it passes the test of consumer research. Every aspect of a market offering, including the nature of the proct itself, is driven by the needs of potential consumers. The starting point is always the consumer. The rationale for this approach is that there is no point spending R&D funds developing procts that people will not buy. History attests to many procts that were commercial failures in spite of being technological breakthroughs.[4]

A formal approach to this customer-focused marketing is known as SIVA[5] (Solution, Information, Value, Access). This system is basically the four Ps renamed and reworded to provide a customer focus.

The SIVA Model provides a demand/customer centric version alternative to the well-known 4Ps supply side model (proct, price, place, promotion) of marketing management.

Proct → Solution
Promotion → Information
Price → Value
Placement → Access

The four elements of the SIVA model are:

Solution: How appropriate is the solution to the customer's problem/need?
Information: Does the customer know about the solution? If so, how and from whom do they know enough to let them make a buying decision?
Value: Does the customer know the value of the transaction, what it will cost, what are the benefits, what might they have to sacrifice, what will be their reward?
Access: Where can the customer find the solution? How easily/locally/remotely can they buy it and take delivery?
This model was proposed by Chekitan Dev and Don Schultz in the Marketing Management Journal of the American Marketing Association, and presented by them in Market Leader, the journal of the Marketing Society in the UK.

[edit] Proct focus
In a proct innovation approach, the company pursues proct innovation, then tries to develop a market for the proct. Proct innovation drives the process and marketing research is concted primarily to ensure that profitable market segment(s) exist for the innovation. The rationale is that customers may not know what options will be available to them in the future so we should not expect them to tell us what they will buy in the future. However, marketers can aggressively over-pursue proct innovation and try to overcapitalize on a niche. When pursuing a proct innovation approach, marketers must ensure that they have a varied and multi-tiered approach to proct innovation. It is claimed that if Thomas Edison depended on marketing research he would have proced larger candles rather than inventing light bulbs. Many firms, such as research and development focused companies, successfully focus on proct innovation. Many purists doubt whether this is really a form of marketing orientation at all, because of the ex post status of consumer research. Some even question whether it is marketing.

An emerging area of study and practice concerns internal marketing, or how employees are trained and managed to deliver the brand in a way that positively impacts the acquisition and retention of customers (employer branding).
Diffusion of innovations research explores how and why people adopt new procts, services and ideas.
A relatively new form of marketing uses the Internet and is called Internet marketing or more generally e-marketing, affiliate marketing, desktop advertising or online marketing. It tries to perfect the segmentation strategy used in traditional marketing. It targets its audience more precisely, and is sometimes called personalized marketing or one-to-one marketing.
With consumers' eroding attention span and willingness to give time to advertising messages, marketers are turning to forms of permission marketing such as branded content, custom media and reality marketing.
The use of herd behavior in marketing.
The Economist reported a recent conference in Rome on the subject of the simulation of adaptive human behavior.[6] It shared mechanisms to increase impulse buying and get people "to buy more by playing on the herd instinct." The basic idea is that people will buy more of procts that are seen to be popular, and several feedback mechanisms to get proct popularity information to consumers are mentioned, including smart-cart technology and the use of Radio Frequency Identification Tag technology. A "swarm-moves" model was introced by a Princeton researcher, which is appealing to supermarkets because it can "increase sales without the need to give people discounts." Large retailers Wal-Mart in the United States and Tesco in Britain plan to test the technology in spring 2007 .
Marketing is also used to promote business' procts and is a great way to promote the business.

Other recent studies on the "power of social influence" include an "artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs" (Columbia University, New York); a Japanese chain of convenience stores which orders its procts based on "sales data from department stores and research companies;" a Massachusetts company exploiting knowledge of social networking to improve sales; and online retailers who are increasingly informing consumers about "which procts are popular with like-minded consumers" (e.g., Amazon, eBay).

⑹ 求一篇 旅游市场营销的英文文献 高分

1.Phillip. Kotler: "Marketing Management", Shanghai People's Publishing House 2003
2. Ji: "Marketing Guide", published by Renmin University of China, 1989
3. Michael. Porter: "competitive advantage", Huaxia Publishing House 2001
4. Hoang steel made: "Marketing", the Shanghai Financial Publishing 2003
5. Tai Wang: "Marketing in China", Guangzhou Publishing House, 2001 Edition
6. Lan Ling, editor-in-chief "of Marketing", the Central Radio and Television University Press
7. Wu and: "Marketing", Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Publishing House 2002
8.song xiaomin: "marketing case examples and analysis," Wuhan University Press, 1992
9.qu yunbo: "marketing strategy planning," China Business Press, 1994
10. Mr Chan Kin-ping, such as: "Planning and design planning book" The Chinese People's University Press .2002
11. Li: "planning Wang," Capital University of Economics Press, 1997
12.kotler ,Armstrong Principles of Marketing (9th ed),prentice-Hall,inc,2001

13. Philip Kotler Marketing Management (10th ed), prentice-Hall,inc,2000

14. Payne,A.chritopher,M.and Peck,H.(1998)Relationship Mketing For

Competitive.Oxford,CIM/Butterworth－Heinemaan.

15. Perreault,McCarthy.Basic Marketing (12th ed),Richard D Irwin 1996

16. Warren J.Keegan.Global Marketing Management (5th ed) prentice-Hall,inc,1995

17. Valued Prct Attributes in an Emerging Market-A Comparison Between French and Malaysian Consumers

18. Executive Insights-Global Marketing Management-at the Dawn of the New Millennium

19. Global standardization as a success formula for marketing in central eastern Europe

20. Heterogeneity of regional trading blocs and global marketing strategies

21.

22. Lessons for pan-European marketing
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2 。姬： “市场营销指南” ，出版了中国人民大学， 1989年
3 。迈克尔。波特： “竞争优势” ，华夏出版社2001年
4 。黄钢： “市场营销” ，上海财经出版社2003年
5 。邰洼嗯： “市场营销在中国” ，广州出版社， 2001年版
6 。兰陵，主编“市场营销” ，中央广播电视大学出版社
7 。吴： “市场营销” ，上海财经大学出版社2002年
8.song筱敏： “市场营销案例分析” ，武汉大学出版社， 1992
9.qu云波： “营销战略规划， ”中国商务出版社， 1994年
10 。陈建平，如： “规划和设计规划出版的”中国人民大学出版社0.2002
11 。李： “规划王， ”资本经济大学出版社， 1997年
12.kotler ，阿姆斯特朗市场营销原理（第9版） ，普伦蒂斯大厅，公司， 2001年

13 。菲利普科特勒营销管理（第10版） ，普伦蒂斯大厅，公司， 2000年

14 。佩恩， A.chritopher ， M.and派克阁下（ 1998年）的关系Mketing

Competitive.Oxford ，计算机集成制造/布特沃斯- Heinemaan 。

15 。 Perreault ， McCarthy.Basic营销（第12版） ， 1996年理查德欧文

16 。沃伦J.Keegan.Global营销管理（第5版）普伦蒂斯大厅，公司， 1995年

17 。策划的价值属性的新兴市场，比较法国和马来西亚的消费者

18 。执行Insights的全球市场营销管理，在新千年来临之际

19 。全球标准化是一个成功的公式营销中东欧

20 。异质性的区域贸易集团和全球市场营销战略

21 。

22 。教训泛欧市场

⑺ 急需外国人写的关于医药市场的文献三篇

参考文献
1、医药市场营销学，彭智海、汤少梁主编，科学出版社，2004年8月第1版。
2、市场营销学，吴健安主编，高等教育出版社，2004年2月第2版。
3、全球营销，乔尼．约翰逊著，中国时政经济出版社，2004年5月第1版。
4、关系营销，阿德里安．佩恩等编著，中信出版社，2001年12月。
5、市场营销网络，迈克尔．J．贝克，辽宁教育出版社，1998年9月第1版。
6、专业服务营销，菲利普．科特勒等著，2003年8月第1版。
7、中国营销25年，何佳讯，卢泰宏著，华夏出版社，2004年9余第1版。
8、市场营销学案例，万后芬等主编，高等教育出版社，2003年12月第1版。
9、营销管理，菲利普（11版）。科特勒著，上海人民出版社，2003年10月第1版。
10、市场营销学，吕一林主编，科学出版社，2005年8月第1版。
11、医药营销案例点评，侯胜田，中国医药科技出版社，2007年1月。
12、医药营销产品经理实务——上官医药企业管理咨询丛书，上官万平，上海交通大学出版社，2006年7月。
13、医药市场营销学，顾海，人民卫生出版社，2006年6月。
14、医药营销：观察与思考，张平淡，艾凤仪，中国经济出版社，2008年1月。
15、挑战与决策医药营销突围，李野新，清华大学出版社，2007年7月。
16、医药营销100战-最佳制胜之道，何贯中，郝雨风，中国经济出版社，2007年1月。

⑻ zara的市场营销策略的英文文献

这些都是国外网站上的，没有中文翻译的，看不懂的话试试翻译器，查查字典什么的，我要是给你翻译怕误导你。

Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later

Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.

Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”

Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.

While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.

Zara’s Marketing Strategy

Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.

Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.

“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”

This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.

Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.

The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.

“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”

The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.

The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.

The Results and the Future

Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.

While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.

Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis

Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara’s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara’s current business model.

Zara’s Business Model
Zara’s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara’s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara’s operations.

Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.

Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is

⑼ 有谁知道关于市场营销渠道研究的一些外文文献求助！提供一些吧。

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