市场营销管理英文文献

❶ 求两个关于市场营销的外文文献参考，以参考文献形式发给我就行……如图

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❷ 营销策略论文参考文献

营销策略论文参考文献

无论是在学校还是在社会中，大家对论文都再熟悉不过了吧，论文是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段。一篇什么样的论文才能称为优秀论文呢？下面是我为大家整理的营销策略论文参考文献，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

营销策略论文参考文献1

[1]营销策略论文参考文献[1](美)菲利普·科特勒、凯文·莱恩·凯勒.营销管理.[M].上海:格致出版社,2009.

[2](美)菲利普·科特勒、加里·阿姆斯特朗...市场营销原理.[M].上海.中国人民大学出版社,2010.

[3](美)杰罗姆麦卡锡.市场营销学基础.[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社.

[4]美)迈克尔·波特.竞争战略.[M].北京:华夏出版社,2005.

[5](美)彼得·德鲁克.管理的实践.[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2009.

[6]余明阳.市场营销战略.[M].北京:清华大学出版社、北京交通大学出版社,2009.

[7]李东红编.营销战略.[M].北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社.2010.

[8](美)拉里·博西迪.拉姆·查兰.管理的实践.[M].北京:中信出版社,2005.

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[12]李幼林.金桥开发区转型发展的几点思考[J].浦东开发,2011(02).

[13]黄国平、刘思弘.创新驱动转型制造迈向智造一上海金桥出口加工区转型发展透析[J]浦东开发,2011(06).

[14]南京市开发区协调管理委员会.开发区转型发展战略研究[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2010.

[15]广州经济技术开发区管委会.加快实施双提升战略、促进开发区转型升级[J].港口经济,2011(02).

[16]武非平.园区经济转型发展的对策研究[J].科技创新与生产力.2011(03).

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[18]赵志涛、邹可钦.基于资源和能力的战略营销优势研究[J].企业研究,2006 (09).

[19]杨宝珍.企业市场营销战略创新[J].企业经济,2011(05).

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[23]杨勇、束军意.市场营销:理论、案例与实训[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011.

[24]赵杰英.谈谈4Ps, 4Cs, 4Rs房地产营销体系[J]商场现代化.2006(48).

[25]杜伟锦、章斌、张凤霞.市场营销策略的比较研究[N].电子科技大学学报.2004-6 (3).

[26]冯章献、王士君、张颖.中心城市极化背景下开发区功能转型与结构优化[J].城市发展研究,2010(01).

[27](英)格雷厄姆·胡利、约翰·桑德斯、奈杰尔·皮尔西[M].营销战略与竞争定位.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007.

[28]卢新海.开发区发展与土地利用[M].北京:中国财经经济出版社,2005. [29}傅强.依托重大项目推动转型发展[J].科技与出版.2011.

营销策略论文参考文献2

1.李业.品牌管理.广东高等教育出版社,2004

2.年小山.品牌学.清华大学出版社,2003

3.让.鲍得里亚.消费社会.[M]南京大学出版社,2001

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5.[美]杰格迪什N谢斯.消费者行为学管理视角[M].机械工业出版社,2004

6.王宁.消费社会学.社会科学文献出版社,2001

7.尹世杰.加强对消费文化的研究.光明日报,1995-4-30

营销策略论文参考文献3

[1].刘子安,中国市场营销,对外经济贸易大学出版社,2016年3月第一版,p105-p125.

[2].(美)菲利普·科特勒,营销管理,中国人民大学出版社,2016年7月第十版.

[3].凯文,战略品牌管理,中国人民大学出版社,1998年,p205-p253.

[4].(英)史密斯等著,方海萍等译,市场营销传播方法与技巧,电子工业出版社,2016年,p134-p168.

[5].李蔚,营销策划,中国经济出版社,2002016年,p56-p90.

[6].汪涛,广告管理,武汉大学出版社,2016年,p100-p115.

[7].胡成中,企业文化与品牌战略,经济日报出版社,2016年,p254-p280.

[8].新加坡唐拉尔著,阳水荣等译,高科技品牌管理:创建新经济时代强势品牌,机械工业出版社,2016年,p360-p380.

[9].凌志军,联想风云,中信出版社,2016年,p148-p160.

[10].乔.吉拉德,戴尔-突破市场的销售细节直销,哈尔滨出版社,2016年,p56-p62.

[11].刘红强,戴尔营销,经济科学出版,2016年,p39-p45.

[12].赵波,联想:公正与效率的博弈,销售与市场杂志XX第8期.

[13].董文胜王缨杨欣,联想从裁员到新文化运动中外管理,2016年5期.

[14].黄景清,10个令你拍案叫绝的营销案例,中华工商联合出版社,XX.

[15].孙在国,体验经济与企业营销战略的调整,经济经纬,22016年第1期.

[16].泽丝曼尔,服务营销,机械工业出版社,2016年,p150-p163.

[17].business and the environment,harvard business review,XX.

营销策略论文参考文献4

[1]左仁淑 . 关系营销 : 服务营销的理论基础 . 四川大学学报 , 2004,(4): 19-23

[2]科特勒, 洪瑞云, 梁绍明等. 市场营销管理(亚洲版). 第 3 版. 北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2004, 15-35

[3]Heide J B, George J. Do Norms Matter in Marketing Relationships. Journal of Marketing, 1992, 56(2): 32-44

[4]陈绍福, 徐宝瑞. 现代医院创新经营. 中国医院管理, 2001, 21(11):60-62

[5]张英. 现代医院应树立的十大营销观念. 中国卫生产业, 2004, (2):76-78

[6]贾守营 . 金牌医院商务策划 . 广州 : 华南理工大学出版社 , 2005,188-193

[7]科特勒, 洪瑞云, 梁绍明等. 市场营销管理(亚洲版). 第 2 版. 北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2001, 55-56

[8]Frank H, Andreas H, Robert E M. Gaining competitive advantagethrough customer value oriented management. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2005, 22(6): 23-24

[9]丁桂兰. 医疗机构营销. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2005, 107-113

[10]Christian Gro nroos. Strategic Management and Marketing in the Service Sector. Cambridge. Mass: Marketing Science Institute, 1983,85-88

[11]Parasuraman A, Valarie A Zeithaml, Leonard L Berry. SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for Measuring Customer Perceptions of Service Quality, Cambridge. Mass: Marketing Science Institute, 1986, 30-32

[12]Liljander Veronica. Comparison Standards in Perceived Service Quality. Helsingfors: Svenska Handelsho gskolan, 1995

[13]Strandvik, Tore. Tolerance Zones In Perceived Service Quality. Helsingfors: Svenska Handelsh gskolan, 1994

[14]菲利普 科特勒 . 营销管理 . 第九版 . 上海 : 上海人民出版社 ,217-218

[15]Gronroos C. Internal Marketing-Theory and Practice, in American1999 Marketing Association Services Marketing ConferenceProceedings, 1981, 41-47

营销策略论文参考文献5

[1][美]沃伦.基根.全球营销管理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1997年版.

[2][美]菲力浦.科特勒.市场营销管理[M]..北京:中国人民大学出版社,996年版.

[3]屈云波.品牌营销[M]..北京:.企业管理出版社,1996年版.

[4]李弘,董大海.市场营销[M].大连:大工出版社,.2000年版.

[5]京华企业咨询公司(编).品牌巨匠[M].北京:今日中国出版社,1996年版.

[6]汤正如.市场营销学教学[M]..沈阳:辽宁大学出版社,1993年版.

[7]京华企业咨询公司(编).品牌巨匠[M].北京:今日中国出版社,1996年版.

[8].朱方明.品牌促销[M].北京:中国经济出版社,1998年版.

[9]吴宪和.营销形象策划[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,1998年版.

[10]晃钢令.营销战略策划[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,1998年版.

[11]朱方明.品牌促销[M].北京:中国经济出版社,1998年版.

[12]陈志.中国民营企业品牌战略[J].当代经理人(中旬刊),2006,(21).

[13]木梓.以品牌战略推动企业发展[J].信息网络,2007,(3).

[14]刘红霞.我国企业品牌战略问题研究[J].江西金融职工大学学报,2007,(1).

[15]刘新民.我国品牌战略存在的问题与对策[J].郑州航空工业管理学院学报,2005,(4).

[16]胡号寰,钟兆青.中国企业实施品牌战略的`思考[J].长江大学学报(社会科学版),2005,(6).

[17]董伟达.品牌战略与企业发展的关系[J].科技与管理,2005,(6).

[18]于法领.关于品牌战略[J].北方经济,2005,(10).

[19]李水平.浅谈企业的品牌战略[J].湖南财经高等专科学校学报,2004,(3).

[20]姬雄华.企业品牌战略选择研究[J]. 延安大学学报(社会科学版),2001,(3).

[21]蒋海岩.实施品牌战略 创企业名牌[J].山东行政学院.山东省经济管理干部学院学报,2001,(2).

[22]赵小红.试论品牌战略的实施要点[J].科技情报开发与经济,2001,(6).

[23]Arnold,D. The Handbook of Brand Management, FT/Pitman Publishing, London.

[24]Dechernatony, L. and Mcdonald, M.H.B. Creating Powerful Brands, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. 1992

[25]Hankinson, G. and Cowking, P Branding in Action, McGraw-Hill,London. 1993

[26]Kapferer, J. H Strategic Brand Management, Kogan Page,London.

营销策略论文参考文献6

[1]左仁淑 . 关系营销 : 服务营销的理论基础 . 四川大学学报

[2]科特勒, 洪瑞云, 梁绍明等. 市场营销管理(亚洲版). 第 3 版. 北京:中国人民大学出版社

[3]Heide J B, George J. Do Norms Matter in Marketing Relationships. Journal of Marketing

[4]陈绍福, 徐宝瑞. 现代医院创新经营. 中国医院管理

[5]张英. 现代医院应树立的十大营销观念. 中国卫生产业

[6]贾守营 . 金牌医院商务策划 . 广州 : 华南理工大学出版社

[7]科特勒, 洪瑞云, 梁绍明等. 市场营销管理(亚洲版). 第 2 版. 北京:中国人民大学出版社

[8]Frank H, Andreas H, Robert E M. Gaining competitive advantagethrough customer value oriented management. Journal of Consumer Marketing

[9]丁桂兰. 医疗机构营销. 北京: 清华大学出版社

[10]Christian Gro nroos. Strategic Management and Marketing in the Service Sector. Cambridge. Mass: Marketing Science Institute

[11]Parasuraman A, Valarie A Zeithaml, Leonard L Berry. SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for Measuring Customer Perceptions of Service Quality, Cambridge. Mass: Marketing Science Institute

[12]Liljander Veronica. Comparison Standards in Perceived Service Quality. Helsingfors: Svenska Handelsho gskolan

[13]Strandvik, Tore. Tolerance Zones In Perceived Service Quality. Helsingfors: Svenska Handelsh gskolan

[14]菲利普 · 科特勒 . 营销管理 . 第九版 . 上海 : 上海人民出版社

[15]Gronroos C. Internal Marketing-Theory and Practice, in American1999 Marketing Association Services Marketing ConferenceProceedings

[16]周成红,肖锦诚 . 谈医疗服务市场特征及营销策略 . 卫生软科学

[17]王恕, 陈玉文. 顾客关系管理在医院营销中的应用. 国际医药卫生导报

[18]张英. 品牌战略现代医院营销利器. 国际医药卫生导报

[19]张洪才. 医院差异化营销的探讨. 卫生经济研究

[20]朱恒鑫. 医院经营策略医院一对一营销学. 北京: 清华大学出版社

[21]黄国英, 张公惠. 优质服务与三级医院服务营销策略的关系. 中国医院管理

[22]马淑燕. 现代医院营销战略的实践与思考. 中国卫生经济

[23]迈克·波特. 陈小悦译. 竞争战略. 北京: 华夏出版社

[24]邱巍, 代维昭. 上海瑞金一哈佛心脏中心市场定位和营销策略. 上海交通大学学报(医学版)

[25]张英 . 医疗市场细分与目标医疗市场选择 . 中华医院管理杂志

[26]菲利普·科特勒,托马斯·海斯,保罗·N·布卢姆等著 . 俞利军译. 专业服务营销. 北京: 中信出版社

[27]佩恩. 郑薇译. 服务营销. 2 月版. 北京: 中信出版社

[28]邢永杰,吕爱芝 . 关于医院服务营销的分析 . 中华医院管理杂志

[29]易世志. 浅析波士顿矩阵法的局限. 商业研究

[30]付凤环,尹世全 . 关系营销理论对公立专科医院营销管理的启示 .中国肿瘤

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❸ 市场营销 英文版论文 20000英文字符

市场营销 Marketing

市场营销（Marketing）又称为 市场学、市场行销或行销学。简称“营销”，台湾常称作“行销”，是指个人或集体通过交易其创造的产品或价值以获得所需之物实现双赢或多赢的过程。

权威定义
美国市场营销协会下的定义是：

行销是创造、沟通与传送价值给顾客，及经营顾客关系以便让组织与其利益关系人受益的一种组织功能与程序

菲利普·科特勒下的定义强调了营销的价值导向：

市场营销是个人和集体通过创造，提供出售，并同别人交换和价值，以获得其所需所欲之物的一种社会和管理过程。

而格隆罗斯给的定义强调了营销的目的：

营销是在一种利益之上下，通过相互交换和承诺，建立、维持、巩固与消费者及其他参与者的关系，实现各方的目的)。

[编辑] 新式定义
台湾的江亘松在＜你的行销行不行＞中强调行销的变动性，利用行销的英文 Marketing 作了下面的定义

「什麼是行销？」就字面上来说，「行销」的英文是「Marketing」，若把 Marketing 这个字拆成 Market（市场）与 ing（英文的现在进行式表示方法）这两个部分，那行销可以用「市场的现在进行式」来表达产品、价格、促销、通路的变动性导致供需双方的微妙关系。

＜你的行销行不行＞ISBN: 978-986-82609-5-5，理财文化, 2007.08 出版

[编辑] 市场营销理论发展的四个阶段
初创阶段(1900年—1920年)
功能研究阶段(1921年—1945年)
现代市场营销学形成和发展阶段(1945年—1980年)
营销扩展阶段(1980年以后)

[编辑] 市场与需求
市场营销学中的市场可以等同于需求，即研究消费者的现实需求和潜在需求。

美国市场营销协会(AMA)的定义委员会1960年对市场提出以下的定义：

“ 市场是指一种货物或劳务的潜在购买者的集合需求。 ”

菲利普·科特勒把市场定义为

“ 市场是指某种产品的所有实际的和潜在的购买者的集合。 ”

[编辑] 市场的类型
市场从不同角度，可以划分为不同的类型。其中按商品的基本属性可划分为一般商品市场和特殊商品市场。一般商品市场指狭义的商品市场，即货物市场，包括消费品市场和工业品市场；特殊商品市场指为满足消费者的资金需要和服务需要而形成的市场，包括资本市场，劳动力市场和技术信息市场。对以上两种市场作分析时一般要研究消费者市场，产业市场和政府市场。

市场营销环境分析常用的方法为SWOT分析方法，它是英文Strength(优势)、Weakness(劣势)、Opportunity(机会)、Threaten(威胁)的意思。从内部环境分析优劣势，从外部环境分析机会与威胁。

[编辑] 市场营销策略
营销组合的四个因素常称作4P，即：

产品（Proct)
价格 (Price)
推广 (Promotion)
通路与配销 (Place&Distribution)
这四个因素应用到营销过程中，就形成了四方面的营销策略。加上政治POLITICS和公共关系PUBLIC，是为6P。

1981年布姆斯（Booms）和比特纳（Bitner）建议在传统市场营销理论4Ps的基础上增加三个“服务性的P”，即：人员(People)、流程(Process)、环境(或是或实体环境；Physical evidence)。

根据与市场竞争对手对抗的需要而制定富有竞争力的产品、价格、渠道和促销政策。这一时期诞生了著名的4P理论。当时还是大众媒体盛行的时代，依靠大众媒体促进销售，无差异化策略成为这一阶段的明显特征。

[编辑] 产品
产品策略主要研究新产品开发，产品生命周期，品牌策略等，是价格策略，促销策略和分销策略的基础。

[编辑] 价格
价格策略又称定价策略，主要研究产品的定价、调价等[[市场营销工具]

[编辑] 推广
推广是将组织与产品讯息传播给目标市场的活动，它主要的焦点在於沟通。透过推广，企业试图让消费者知晓、了解、喜爱或购买产品，进而影响产品的知名度、形象、销售量，乃至於企业的生长与生存。有了推广，消费者才可得知产品提供何种利益、价格多少、可以到什麼地方购买及如何购买等，而这些消费者反应会进一步协助推动其他行销组合(产品、价格、通路)。

[编辑] 通路
又称渠道策略，也称为促销。它代表企业（机构）在将自身产品送抵最终消费者之前，所制定的与各类分销商之间的贸易关系、成本分摊和利益分配方式的综合体系。这里的分销商既包含批发商，也包含零售商，甚至包含物流配送商和直销公司的直销人员。

企业制定分销政策的目的是：让产品更顺畅地到达顾客手中，既要保证分销成本低廉，又要保证顾客对送货期、送货量、装配服务、疑难咨询等方面的要求。

在产品日益丰富的情况下，分销政策可能变得越来越难制定，因为相对于产品和品牌的过量，分销商则显得稀少，因而后者拥有了大量讨价还价的权力，力图从制造商或上游企业那里获得更大的利益分成比例。

零售商在最近10年的表现尤其令人瞩目，它们不仅从事零售，也开始插手于产品的上游生产过程，并以自己的店铺名称或独创名称作为自己所产新品的品牌——即自有品牌（private brand/label），或叫店铺品牌（store brand/label）。这更深地威胁到了纯粹的制造企业的利润空间，当然也大大增加了后者制定分销策略的难度。

[编辑] 人员（People)
所有的人都直接或间接地被卷入某种服务的消费过程中，这是7P营销组合很重要的一个观点。知识工作者、白领雇员、管理人员以及部分消费者将额外的价值增加到了既有的社会总产品或服务的供给中，这部分价值往往非常显著。

[编辑] 流程（Process）
服务通过一定的程序、机制以及活动得以实现的过程（亦即消费者管理流程），是市场营销战略的一个关键要素。

[编辑] 环境（Physical Evidence）
包括服务供给得以顺利传送的服务环境，有形商品承载和表达服务的能力，当前消费者的无形消费体验，以及向潜在顾客传递消费满足感的能力。

[编辑] 4C
包括：

顾客（Customer）
成本（Cost）
沟通（Communication）
便利（convenience)。
加上机会Chance，市场变化Change为6C。

不销售制造的产品，而要将满足消费者需求的产品售出；不要依竞争者或者自我的盈利策略定价，而是要通过一系列测试手段了解消费者为满足需求愿付出的成本；不要以自身为出发点，想着网点怎么布置，采用什么样的通路策略，而要关注消费者购买产品的便利性；不是想着如何通过媒体传播来提升销量，而要和消费者互动沟通。

[编辑] 营销种类

[编辑] 整合营销
整合营销传播（Integrated Marketing Communications ）

[编辑] 数据库营销（DATABASE MARKETING）

[编辑] 网络营销（Internet Marketing）
网络营销是企业整体营销战略的一个组成部分，是为实现企业总体经营目标所进行的，以互联网为基本手段营造网上经营环境的各种活动。

网络营销的职能包括网站推广、网络品牌、信息发布、在线调研、顾客关系、顾客服务、销售渠道、销售促进八个方面。

Viral Marketing

[编辑] 标竿行销（Bench Marketing）
由江亘松在＜你的行销行不行＞提出

以某个市场上已经存在的竞争者为比较基准的行销方式，例如普腾这家公司於十几年前提出一句很经典的「Sorry，Sony」到现在还是经常被产业与学术界拿来当作行销的案例，近年来Audi一直宣称他们的部分车种在欧洲市场无论在性能或销售上都令双B感觉到威胁，这样的行销方法就是希望让那些原本没有打算买Audi的亚洲买家去思考，为什麼欧洲的消费者愿意买的车在亚洲的我们却没有给予适当的评价。

当然要提出这样的行销方式势必要先对自己的产品有一定的信心，否则如果「如花」喊出「Sorry林志玲」认同的观众应该不会太多吧。

Viral Marketing

[编辑] 直效营销（DIRECT MARKETING）
根据kotler．keller行销管理学第12版中译本

直效行销（direct marketing）是在没有中间行销商的情况下，利用消费者直接（consumer direct,CD）通路来接触及传送货品和服务给客户。主要通路包括直接信函、型录、电话推销，电视购物、小的售票亭、网路和汽车广告。

直效行销是互动是行销系统，利用一种或多种媒体影响任何地区可衡量的回应或交易。特别是在电子行销中正快速成长。

[编辑] 关系营销（RELATIONSHIP MARKETING）
在很多情况下，公司并不能寻求即时的交易，所以他们会与长期供应商建立顾客关系。
公司想要展现给顾客的是卓越的服务能力，现在的顾客多是大型且全球性的。他们偏好可以提供不同地区配套产品
或服务的供应商，且可以快速解决各地的问题。
当顾客关系管理计画被执行时，组织就必须同时注重顾客和产品管理。同时，公司必须明白，虽然关系行销很重要，
但并不是在任何情况下都会有效的。因此，公司必须评估哪一个部门与哪一种特定的顾客采用关系行销最有利。

[编辑] 燎原式行销
由江亘松在＜你的行销行不行＞提出「燎原式行销」的重点在於，以自己强大的财力为基础，先采取竞争对手无法跟随并获利的低价策略，逼迫市场竞争者纷纷退出并且树立警告指标不让其他潜在业者轻易越矩，这样在下一个不怕死的竞争者出现之前，就可以创造一个无竞争者的独占市场。

[编辑] 绿色营销

[编辑] 社会营销

[编辑] 营销社团

[编辑] 市场调研
市场调研又称营销调研，指企业在市场营销决策过程中，需要系统客观收集和分析有关营销活动的信息所做的研究。营销调研活动涉及到产品，广告，促销渠道选择，竞争者等诸多方面。

[编辑] 营销理论的新发展
病毒式营销
关系营销
数据库营销
网络营销
国际营销
绿色营销
服务营销
过程营销
收益管理

Marketing is an ongoing process of planning and executing the marketing mix (Proct, Price, Place, Promotion) for procts, services or ideas to create exchange between indivials and organizations.

Marketing tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research.

Essentially, marketing is the process of creating or directing an organization to be successful in selling a proct or service that people not only desire, but are willing to buy.

Therefore good marketing must be able to create a "proposition" or set of benefits for the end customer that delivers value through procts or services.

Its specialist areas include:

advertising and branding
communications
database marketing
direct marketing
event organization
field marketing
global marketing
international marketing
internet marketing
instrial marketing
market research
public relations
retailing
search engine marketing
marketing strategy
marketing plan
strategic management
Experiential marketing
Social Influence Marketing

Contents [hide]
1 Introction
2 Concept of Marketing
3 Two levels of marketing
4 Four Ps
4.1 Seven Ps
5 Four New Ps
6 Proct
6.1 Scope
6.2 Steps in proct design
7 Packaging
7.1 Requirements of good packaging
7.2 Forms of packaging
8 Trademarks
8.1 Significance of a trademark
9 Brands
10 Pricing
10.1 Objectives
10.2 Factors influencing price-determination
10.3 Steps to determine price
11 Distribution (Place)
11.1 Channels
11.2 Manufacturers
11.2.1 Reasons for direct selling methods
11.2.2 Reasons for indirect selling methods
11.3 Wholesalers
11.3.1 Reasons for using wholesalers
11.3.2 Reasons for bypassing wholesalers
11.3.3 Ways of bypassing wholesalers
11.4 Agents
12 Marketing communications
12.1 Advertising
12.1.1 Functions and advantages of successful advertising
12.1.2 Objectives
12.1.3 Requirements of a good advertisement
12.1.4 Eight steps in an advertising campaign
12.2 Personal sales
12.3 Sales promotion
12.4 Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
13 Customer focus
14 Proct focus
15 See also
16 Related lists
17 References

[edit] Introction
A market-focused, or customer-focused, organization first determines what its potential customers desire, and then builds the proct or service. Marketing theory and practice is justified in the belief that customers use a proct or service because they have a need, or because it provides a perceived benefit.

Two major factors of marketing are the recruitment of new customers (acquisition) and the retention and expansion of relationships with existing customers (base management). Once a marketer has converted the prospective buyer, base management marketing takes over. The process for base management shifts the marketer to building a relationship, nurturing the links, enhancing the benefits that sold the buyer in the first place, and improving the proct/service continuously to protect the business from competitive encroachments.

For a marketing plan to be successful, the mix of the four "Ps" must reflect the wants and desires of the consumers or Shoppers in the target market. Trying to convince a market segment to buy something they don't want is extremely expensive and seldom successful. Marketers depend on insights from marketing research, both formal and informal, to determine what consumers want and what they are willing to pay for. Marketers hope that this process will give them a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing management is the practical application of this process. The offer is also an important addition to the 4P's theory.

Within most organizations, the activities encompassed by the marketing function are led by a Vice President or Director of Marketing. A growing number of organizations, especially large US companies, have a Chief Marketing Officer position, reporting to the Chief Executive Officer.

The American Marketing Association (AMA) states, "Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders."[1]

Marketing methods are informed by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology is also a small, but growing influence. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. Marketing is a wide and heavily interconnected subject with extensive publications. It is also an area of activity infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.

[edit] Concept of Marketing
Marketing is an instructive business domain that serves to inform and ecate target markets about the value and competitive advantage of a company and its procts. “Value” is worth derived by the customer from owning and using the proct. “Competitive Advantage” is a depiction that the company or its procts are each doing something better than their competition in a way that could benefit the customer.

Marketing is focused on the task of conveying pertinent company and proct related information to specific customers, and there are a multitude of decisions (strategies) to be made within the marketing domain regarding what information to deliver, how much information to deliver, to whom to deliver, how to deliver, to deliver, and where to deliver. Once the decisions are made, there are numerous ways (tactics) and processes that could be employed in support of the selected strategies.

The goal of marketing is to build and maintain a preference for a company and its procts within the target markets. The goal of any business is to build mutually profitable and sustainable relationships with its customers. While all business domains are responsible for accomplishing this goal, the marketing domain bears a significant share of the responsibility.

Within the larger scope of its definition, marketing is performed through the actions of three coordinated disciplines named: “Proct Marketing”, “Corporate Marketing”, and “Marketing Communications”. [2]

[edit] Two levels of marketing
Strategic marketing: attempts to determine how an organization competes against its competitors in a market place. In particular, it aims at generating a competitive advantage relative to its competitors.

Operational marketing: executes marketing functions to attract and keep customers and to maximize the value derived for them, as well as to satisfy the customer with prompt services and meeting the customer expectations. Operational Marketing includes the determination of the porter's five forces

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❹ 急求关于市场营销或则房地产相关的英文论文

Marketing is an integrated communications-based process through which indivials and communities discover that existing and newly-identified needs and wants may be satisfied by the procts and services of others.

Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. [1] The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to market, as in shopping, or going to a market to buy or sell goods or services.

Marketing practice tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research. Seen from a systems point of view, sales process engineering views marketing as a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions[2], whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new approaches.

Marketing is influenced by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology and neuroscience are also small but growing influences. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. The marketing literature is also infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.

Contents [hide]
1 Four Ps
2 Proct
2.1 Branding
3 Marketing communications
3.1 Advertising
3.1.1 Functions and advantages of successful advertising
3.1.2 Objectives
3.1.3 Requirements of a good advertisement
3.1.4 Eight steps in an advertising campaign
3.2 Personal sales
3.3 Sales promotion
3.4 Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
4 Customer focus
5 Proct focus
6 Areas of marketing specialization
7 See also
8 Related lists
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links

[edit] Four Ps
Main article: Marketing mix
In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a “Marketing Mix”. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, also at the Harvard Business School in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements: proct, price, place and promotion.

Proct: The proct aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants. The scope of a proct generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support.
Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a proct, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the proct or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention. Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing science.
Placement (or distribution): refers to how the proct gets to the customer; for example, point-of-sale placement or retailing. This third P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a proct or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or instry, to which segment (young alts, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the proct is sold in can affect sales.
Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling. Branding refers to the various methods of promoting the proct, brand, or company.
These four elements are often referred to as the marketing mix,[3] which a marketer can use to craft a marketing plan.

The four Ps model is most useful when marketing low value consumer procts. Instrial procts, services, high value consumer procts require adjustments to this model. Services marketing must account for the unique nature of services.

Instrial or B2B marketing must account for the long term contractual agreements that are typical in supply chain transactions. Relationship marketing attempts to do this by looking at marketing from a long term relationship perspective rather than indivial transactions.

As a counter to this, Morgan, in Riding the Waves of Change (Jossey-Bass, 1988), suggests that one of the greatest limitations of the 4 Ps approach "is that it unconsciously emphasizes the inside–out view (looking from the company outwards), whereas the essence of marketing should be the outside–in approach".

[edit] Proct
Main article: New Proct Development

[edit] Branding
Main article: Brand
A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes procts and services from competitive offerings. A brand represents the consumers' experience with an organization, proct, or service. A brand is more than a name, design or symbol. Brand reflects personality of the company which is organizational culture.

A brand has also been defined as an identifiable entity that makes a specific value based on promises made and kept either actively or passively.

Branding means creating reference of certain procts in mind.

Co-branding involves marketing activity involving two or more procts.

[edit] Marketing communications
Marketing communications breaks down the strategies involved with marketing messages into categories based on the goals of each message. There are distinct stages in converting strangers to customers that govern the communication medium that should be used.

[edit] Advertising
Paid form of public presentation and expressive promotion of ideas
Aimed at masses
Manufacturer may determine what goes into advertisement
Pervasive and impersonal medium

[edit] Functions and advantages of successful advertising
Task of the salesman made easier
Maximize sales
Publicity
Brand building
Create awareness
Persuade buyers
Introction of new proct
Enable market leadership
To face competition
To inform changes
To counteract to competitors advertisement
To enhance goodwill

[edit] Objectives
Maintain demand for well-known goods
Introce new and unknown goods
Increase demand for well-known goods/procts/services

[edit] Requirements of a good advertisement
The AIDA principle. Attention, Interest, Desire and Action

Attract attention (awareness)
Stimulate interest
Create a desire
Bring about action (to buy the proct)

[edit] Eight steps in an advertising campaign
Market research
Setting out aims
Budgeting
Choice of media (television, newspaper/magazines, radio, web, outdoor)
Choice of actors and players (New Trend)
Design and wording
Co-ordination
Test results

[edit] Personal sales
Oral presentation given by a salesperson who approaches indivials or a group of potential customers:

Live, interactive relationship
Personal interest
Attention and response
Interesting presentation
Clear and thorough.

[edit] Sales promotion
Short-term incentives to encourage buying of procts:

Instant appeal
Anxiety to sell
An example is coupons or a sale. People are given an incentive to buy, but this does not build customer loyalty or encourage future repeat buys. A major drawback of sales promotion is that it is easily copied by competition. It cannot be used as a sustainable source of differentiation.

[edit] Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
Stimulation of demand through press release giving a favourable report to a proct
Higher degree of credibility
Effectively news
Boosts enterprise's image

[edit] Customer focus
Many companies today have a customer focus (or market orientation). This implies that the company focuses its activities and procts on consumer demands. Generally there are three ways of doing this: the customer-driven approach, the sense of identifying market changes and the proct innovation approach.

In the consumer-driven approach, consumer wants are the drivers of all strategic marketing decisions. No strategy is pursued until it passes the test of consumer research. Every aspect of a market offering, including the nature of the proct itself, is driven by the needs of potential consumers. The starting point is always the consumer. The rationale for this approach is that there is no point spending R&D funds developing procts that people will not buy. History attests to many procts that were commercial failures in spite of being technological breakthroughs.[4]

A formal approach to this customer-focused marketing is known as SIVA[5] (Solution, Information, Value, Access). This system is basically the four Ps renamed and reworded to provide a customer focus.

The SIVA Model provides a demand/customer centric version alternative to the well-known 4Ps supply side model (proct, price, place, promotion) of marketing management.

Proct → Solution
Promotion → Information
Price → Value
Placement → Access

The four elements of the SIVA model are:

Solution: How appropriate is the solution to the customer's problem/need?
Information: Does the customer know about the solution? If so, how and from whom do they know enough to let them make a buying decision?
Value: Does the customer know the value of the transaction, what it will cost, what are the benefits, what might they have to sacrifice, what will be their reward?
Access: Where can the customer find the solution? How easily/locally/remotely can they buy it and take delivery?
This model was proposed by Chekitan Dev and Don Schultz in the Marketing Management Journal of the American Marketing Association, and presented by them in Market Leader, the journal of the Marketing Society in the UK.

[edit] Proct focus
In a proct innovation approach, the company pursues proct innovation, then tries to develop a market for the proct. Proct innovation drives the process and marketing research is concted primarily to ensure that profitable market segment(s) exist for the innovation. The rationale is that customers may not know what options will be available to them in the future so we should not expect them to tell us what they will buy in the future. However, marketers can aggressively over-pursue proct innovation and try to overcapitalize on a niche. When pursuing a proct innovation approach, marketers must ensure that they have a varied and multi-tiered approach to proct innovation. It is claimed that if Thomas Edison depended on marketing research he would have proced larger candles rather than inventing light bulbs. Many firms, such as research and development focused companies, successfully focus on proct innovation. Many purists doubt whether this is really a form of marketing orientation at all, because of the ex post status of consumer research. Some even question whether it is marketing.

An emerging area of study and practice concerns internal marketing, or how employees are trained and managed to deliver the brand in a way that positively impacts the acquisition and retention of customers (employer branding).
Diffusion of innovations research explores how and why people adopt new procts, services and ideas.
A relatively new form of marketing uses the Internet and is called Internet marketing or more generally e-marketing, affiliate marketing, desktop advertising or online marketing. It tries to perfect the segmentation strategy used in traditional marketing. It targets its audience more precisely, and is sometimes called personalized marketing or one-to-one marketing.
With consumers' eroding attention span and willingness to give time to advertising messages, marketers are turning to forms of permission marketing such as branded content, custom media and reality marketing.
The use of herd behavior in marketing.
The Economist reported a recent conference in Rome on the subject of the simulation of adaptive human behavior.[6] It shared mechanisms to increase impulse buying and get people "to buy more by playing on the herd instinct." The basic idea is that people will buy more of procts that are seen to be popular, and several feedback mechanisms to get proct popularity information to consumers are mentioned, including smart-cart technology and the use of Radio Frequency Identification Tag technology. A "swarm-moves" model was introced by a Princeton researcher, which is appealing to supermarkets because it can "increase sales without the need to give people discounts." Large retailers Wal-Mart in the United States and Tesco in Britain plan to test the technology in spring 2007 .
Marketing is also used to promote business' procts and is a great way to promote the business.

Other recent studies on the "power of social influence" include an "artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs" (Columbia University, New York); a Japanese chain of convenience stores which orders its procts based on "sales data from department stores and research companies;" a Massachusetts company exploiting knowledge of social networking to improve sales; and online retailers who are increasingly informing consumers about "which procts are popular with like-minded consumers" (e.g., Amazon, eBay).

❺ marketing 市场营销论文 要英文版的

With the development of IT technology, business to the increasingly rapid pace of change to the network, and now we have entered the information age, speed has become our constant pursuit of direction. For each enterprise essential to marketing departments in order to advance the pace of change even more in, people began to network marketing transformation.

Some experts said that in the Internet age of today's Internet Marketing will soon replace the traditional marketing methods and become the main theme of the market. Because people can see the advantages of the network marketing, in-house, departments, and between all departments of the Internet to share information, but also shorten the time for the transmission of information. Thus greatly improving the efficiency of the computer above the company can build up a database, there are customers inside the basic information and consumer information records and is concive to the implementation of one-on-one marketing, for better customer service. At the same time also allow customers to feel he is very business-to-the mind, increase customer loyalty and sales network for the same very attractive, it may omit many brokers, such as wholesalers, distributors, retailers and even And to directly face the customer. Thus greatly rece the cost, the enterprise's procts more competitive to achieve greater sales, and more importantly is able to get the fastest rate of customer feedback to enable enterprises to adapt to market the proct more demand e to enterprises Always walk in the forefront of the market.

Some experts say that may be. Network marketing is some advantage, but his shortcomings but can not be ignored. Network can get market information faster, but the network sales increase sales but can not agree with. They believe that this network has only the most cutting-edge things. Most people have not accepted this approach. It is also not in the habit of online shopping, the things on these virtual lack of trust, they believe that the reality is quite the thing. Life, if I bought What is the problem with the quality of things you can find manufacturers directly, or find a vendor, and will soon receive a response. I do not know that the Internet can be the Whom do I contact, how to find, when a reply » Some say things simply do not fit in online sales, proction companies such as Coca-Cola drinks, I Xianghe when casually into stores or supermarkets which can be bought, it has more convenient, however, how to simplify the sales process? » Everyone knows that there is no need of. If you get the trust of customers, to the extent possible, satisfy the customer, then I think the most effective way is not to rece costs, as long as you in every corner of the world placed on Coke, so that people no matter what time any place as long as the wish to Drink will be able to see it and that is the biggest customer satisfaction, not only rece costs but forgot the more important in the market.

Network development is fast, according to the computer penetration rate is now to complete the transition to the network also needs a long time, not to mention to our Chinese enterprises. Network marketing is a great potential, but also可要not fully developed, the traditional marketing methods will still dominate, the network marketing soon replace the traditional marketing is not realistic. Perhaps the best marketing is not marketing, not traditional marketing, I think they can complement each other, Gequ director, perhaps the most promising is the best way of marketing it.

中文

随着IT技术的发展，企业以越来越快的速度向网络化转变，现在我们已经进入了信息时代，速度更成了我们不断追求的方向。而对于每个企业必不可少的市场营销部门在以更超前的速度转变着，人们开始向网络营销转化。

有的专家说，在网络时代的今天网络营销会很快的替代传统的营销方式而成为市场的主旋律。因为人们可以看到了网络营销的优势， 在企业内部 ，部门和部门之间都相互联网有利于信息共享 ，也缩短了信息传递的时间。 从而大大提高了工作效率， 可以在公司电脑上面建立数据库，里边存有客户的基本资料和消费信息纪录 ，有利于实施一对一营销，从而更好的为客户服务。同时也能让客户感受到企业对他是相当的在乎， 更提高了客户的忠诚度 ，而对于网络销售同样很有诱惑力，它可以省略许多中间商，象批发商 、经销商、 甚至是零售商， 而直接面对客户。从而大大降低了成本，企业的产品更有竞争力取得更大的销售业绩，而更主要的是能以最快的速度得到客户的反馈信息，使企业的产品更适应市场的需求，而使企业总是走在市场的最前列。

可有的专家却认为。网络营销是有一些优势，但他的缺点却不容忽视。网络化是可以更快的得到市场信息， 但网络销售提高销售业绩却不堪赞同。他们认为，网络化今天却只是最前沿的东西。大部分的人还没有接受这种方式。人们还不太习惯在网上购物，他们对这些虚拟的东西缺乏信任，他们还是比较相信现实中存在的东西。生活中，如果我买了东西质量有什么问题直接就可以找厂家， 或者找卖主 ，而且会很快的得到答复。可网上我不知道该找谁，怎么找，什么时候有答复？再说有的东西根本就不适合在网上销售，比如可口可乐公司生产的饮品， 我想喝的时候随便进哪个商店或者超市都能买到，这已经再方便不过了，还要怎么简化销售过程吗？谁都知道没有必要了。你要想得到顾客的信任，想尽可能的满足顾客，那么我想最有效的方法不是去降低成本，只要你在世界的每个角落都摆放上可乐，让人们不论在什么时间什么地点只要想喝就能够看到它那就是对顾客最大的满足，不要只顾着降低成本而却忘了更重要的市场占有率。

网络化发展的的确快，可按照现在的电脑普及率要完全的向网络化转变还需要相当长的时间，更何况对我们中国的企业。网络营销确实潜力很大，可要完全开发却也不易，传统的营销方式还是会占主导地位，网络营销很快的取代传统的营销是不现实的。也许最好的营销方式不是网络营销，也不是传统营销，我觉得他们完全可以相互补充，各取所长，也许那才是最好最有前途的营销方式吧。

❻ 零售营销的参考文献

关于零售营销的参考文献

一篇论文中几乎自始至终都有需要引用参考文献之处。如论文引言中应引上对本题最重要、最直接有关的文献;在方法中应引上所采用或借鉴的方法;在结果中有时要引上与文献对比的资料;在讨论中更应引上与 论文有关的各种支持的或有矛盾的结果或观点等。以下就是我为大家带来的关于零售营销的参考文献，希望大家喜欢!

零售营销的参考文献 篇1

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零售营销的参考文献 篇2

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[29].程光.我国大型百货业电子商务发展研究[D].北京:首都经济贸易大学经济学院,2012

[30].Efraim Turban,David King.电子商务:管理视角(原书第 5 版)[M].严建援译,北京:机械工业出版社,2010

拓展：大数据论文参考文献

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[26] 任劲，谢长生，李为. iSCSI协议及其Linux下的实现[J]. 小型微型计算机系统. 2003（07）

;

❼ 有谁知道关于市场营销渠道研究的一些外文文献求助！提供一些吧。

[1] 菲利普•科特勒, 郭碧翔. 市场营销的产生与发展[J]. 商业研究, 1985,(02)
[2] 雒永信. 搞好市场营销 促进经济发展[J]. 彭城职业大学学报, 1996,(04)
[3] 范丽亚. 如何强化市场营销[J]. 现代金融, 2004,(02)
[4] 张庆胜. 论市场营销中的亮点广告[J]. 金融与经济, 2005,(04)
[5] 叶文琴. 要区分广义推销和狭义推销[J]. 公关世界, 1996,(10)
[6] 周静. 说说市场营销与推销[J]. 新农业, 2001,(05)
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[8] 王利. [市场营销知识讲座二] 对市场营销的理解[J]. 改革与理论, 1996,(03)
[9] 连朝勃. 市场营销新观念[J]. 农机质量与监督, 1998,(01)
[10] 张明毅. 关于市场营销工作的几点思考[J]. 煤炭经济研究, 1999,(01)

[1] 罗国民. 中国市场营销发展趋势探索[J]. 南开管理评论, 2000,(02) .
[2] 苏文浩,潘城文,黄金铝,张敏. 中国市场营销理论发展的趋势探讨及其前瞻性分析[J]. 和田师范专科学校学报, 2006,(06) .
[3] 温凤雷. 市场营销发展新趋势探索[J]. 中国科技信息, 2005,(03) .
[4] 陈巍. 市场营销发展新趋势[J]. 市场研究, 2007,(09) .
[5] 孙巧霞. 市场营销的发展趋势[J]. 中国有色金属, 2006,(07) .
[6] 杨淑红. 浅析我国市场营销的现状及发展趋势[J]. 科技资讯, 2007,(12) .
[7] 肖创林. 浅谈市场营销的发展趋势[J]. 科技经济市场, 2006,(10) .
[8]市场营销十大趋势[J]. 农化新世纪, 2007,(03) .
[9] 白素杰,郭鹏. 浅谈新经济时代的五大营销理念[J]. 经济师, 2004,(11) .
[10] 郭小鹏. 新经济时代市场营销发展新趋势[J]. 现代焊接, 2007,(10) .

❽ STP理论出自哪本书,那本书中有详细介绍

STP理论（市场目标定位）
市场细分（Market Segmentation）的概念最早由美国营销学家温德尔·史密斯(Wended Smith) 于1956年提出；此后，美国营销学家菲利浦·科特勒进一步发展和完善了这一理论，并最终形成了成熟的STP理论 （市场细分（Segmentation） 目标市场选择（Targeting）和市场定位（Positioning））。它是战略营销的核心内容，该理论出自于《营销管理》第九版。

❾ 急求，保险市场营销的英文文献，拜托啦！！！急！急！急！

网络或谷歌搜索【Insurance marketing】或【Insurance marketing pdf】等，找相应的应该很好找，但是合适你的还得自己先看后下载

❿ zara的市场营销策略的英文文献

这些都是国外网站上的，没有中文翻译的，看不懂的话试试翻译器，查查字典什么的，我要是给你翻译怕误导你。

Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later

Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.

Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”

Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.

While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.

Zara’s Marketing Strategy

Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.

Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.

“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”

This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.

Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.

The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.

“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”

The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.

The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.

The Results and the Future

Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.

While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.

Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis

Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara’s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara’s current business model.

Zara’s Business Model
Zara’s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara’s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara’s operations.

Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.

Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is