市场营销英文报道

① marketing 市场营销论文 要英文版的

With the development of IT technology, business to the increasingly rapid pace of change to the network, and now we have entered the information age, speed has become our constant pursuit of direction. For each enterprise essential to marketing departments in order to advance the pace of change even more in, people began to network marketing transformation.

Some experts said that in the Internet age of today's Internet Marketing will soon replace the traditional marketing methods and become the main theme of the market. Because people can see the advantages of the network marketing, in-house, departments, and between all departments of the Internet to share information, but also shorten the time for the transmission of information. Thus greatly improving the efficiency of the computer above the company can build up a database, there are customers inside the basic information and consumer information records and is concive to the implementation of one-on-one marketing, for better customer service. At the same time also allow customers to feel he is very business-to-the mind, increase customer loyalty and sales network for the same very attractive, it may omit many brokers, such as wholesalers, distributors, retailers and even And to directly face the customer. Thus greatly rece the cost, the enterprise's procts more competitive to achieve greater sales, and more importantly is able to get the fastest rate of customer feedback to enable enterprises to adapt to market the proct more demand e to enterprises Always walk in the forefront of the market.

Some experts say that may be. Network marketing is some advantage, but his shortcomings but can not be ignored. Network can get market information faster, but the network sales increase sales but can not agree with. They believe that this network has only the most cutting-edge things. Most people have not accepted this approach. It is also not in the habit of online shopping, the things on these virtual lack of trust, they believe that the reality is quite the thing. Life, if I bought What is the problem with the quality of things you can find manufacturers directly, or find a vendor, and will soon receive a response. I do not know that the Internet can be the Whom do I contact, how to find, when a reply » Some say things simply do not fit in online sales, proction companies such as Coca-Cola drinks, I Xianghe when casually into stores or supermarkets which can be bought, it has more convenient, however, how to simplify the sales process? » Everyone knows that there is no need of. If you get the trust of customers, to the extent possible, satisfy the customer, then I think the most effective way is not to rece costs, as long as you in every corner of the world placed on Coke, so that people no matter what time any place as long as the wish to Drink will be able to see it and that is the biggest customer satisfaction, not only rece costs but forgot the more important in the market.

Network development is fast, according to the computer penetration rate is now to complete the transition to the network also needs a long time, not to mention to our Chinese enterprises. Network marketing is a great potential, but also可要not fully developed, the traditional marketing methods will still dominate, the network marketing soon replace the traditional marketing is not realistic. Perhaps the best marketing is not marketing, not traditional marketing, I think they can complement each other, Gequ director, perhaps the most promising is the best way of marketing it.

中文

随着IT技术的发展，企业以越来越快的速度向网络化转变，现在我们已经进入了信息时代，速度更成了我们不断追求的方向。而对于每个企业必不可少的市场营销部门在以更超前的速度转变着，人们开始向网络营销转化。

有的专家说，在网络时代的今天网络营销会很快的替代传统的营销方式而成为市场的主旋律。因为人们可以看到了网络营销的优势， 在企业内部 ，部门和部门之间都相互联网有利于信息共享 ，也缩短了信息传递的时间。 从而大大提高了工作效率， 可以在公司电脑上面建立数据库，里边存有客户的基本资料和消费信息纪录 ，有利于实施一对一营销，从而更好的为客户服务。同时也能让客户感受到企业对他是相当的在乎， 更提高了客户的忠诚度 ，而对于网络销售同样很有诱惑力，它可以省略许多中间商，象批发商 、经销商、 甚至是零售商， 而直接面对客户。从而大大降低了成本，企业的产品更有竞争力取得更大的销售业绩，而更主要的是能以最快的速度得到客户的反馈信息，使企业的产品更适应市场的需求，而使企业总是走在市场的最前列。

可有的专家却认为。网络营销是有一些优势，但他的缺点却不容忽视。网络化是可以更快的得到市场信息， 但网络销售提高销售业绩却不堪赞同。他们认为，网络化今天却只是最前沿的东西。大部分的人还没有接受这种方式。人们还不太习惯在网上购物，他们对这些虚拟的东西缺乏信任，他们还是比较相信现实中存在的东西。生活中，如果我买了东西质量有什么问题直接就可以找厂家， 或者找卖主 ，而且会很快的得到答复。可网上我不知道该找谁，怎么找，什么时候有答复？再说有的东西根本就不适合在网上销售，比如可口可乐公司生产的饮品， 我想喝的时候随便进哪个商店或者超市都能买到，这已经再方便不过了，还要怎么简化销售过程吗？谁都知道没有必要了。你要想得到顾客的信任，想尽可能的满足顾客，那么我想最有效的方法不是去降低成本，只要你在世界的每个角落都摆放上可乐，让人们不论在什么时间什么地点只要想喝就能够看到它那就是对顾客最大的满足，不要只顾着降低成本而却忘了更重要的市场占有率。

网络化发展的的确快，可按照现在的电脑普及率要完全的向网络化转变还需要相当长的时间，更何况对我们中国的企业。网络营销确实潜力很大，可要完全开发却也不易，传统的营销方式还是会占主导地位，网络营销很快的取代传统的营销是不现实的。也许最好的营销方式不是网络营销，也不是传统营销，我觉得他们完全可以相互补充，各取所长，也许那才是最好最有前途的营销方式吧。

② 市场营销英语的内容简介

《市场营销英语:经贸英语系列》内容简介：随着中国加入WTO以及全球经济一体化进程的不断深入，国际间的经济合作与交往日益频繁，社会对“外语+专业”复合实用型人才的需求也随之不断上涨。为了迎合这一时代需求，高校教师也在不断探索培养复合型人才的方法和渠道。目前，尽管图书市场上有关市场营销的原版引进图书很多，但对于中国高校非英语专业的学生及有关人士学习起来有一定难度。因此，为了普及先进的营销理念及营销方法，同时满足在校生和社会有关人士提高专业英语水平的需求，我们特编写此书。
该书所选英语句式与阅读材料都是依据实际教学经验搜集选取的，英语语言地道，并且配以相应遥汉语译文和注释，方便读者学习和掌握营销专业知识，迅速提高专业英语水平。《市场营销英语:经贸英语系列》可作为教材，也适合自学之用。

③ 本人急需一篇（关于市场营销的英文文章），三千字英文，有中文的翻译．

市场营销（Marketing）又称为 市场学、市场行销或行销学。简称“营销”，台湾常称作“行销”，是指个人或集体通过交易其创造的产品或价值以获得所需之物实现双赢或多赢的过程。

权威定义
美国市场营销协会下的定义是：

行销是创造、沟通与传送价值给顾客，及经营顾客关系以便让组织与其利益关系人受益的一种组织功能与程序

菲利普·科特勒下的定义强调了营销的价值导向：

市场营销是个人和集体通过创造，提供出售，并同别人交换和价值，以获得其所需所欲之物的一种社会和管理过程。

而格隆罗斯给的定义强调了营销的目的：

营销是在一种利益之上下，通过相互交换和承诺，建立、维持、巩固与消费者及其他参与者的关系，实现各方的目的)。

[编辑] 新式定义
台湾的江亘松在＜你的行销行不行＞中强调行销的变动性，利用行销的英文 Marketing 作了下面的定义

「什麼是行销？」就字面上来说，「行销」的英文是「Marketing」，若把 Marketing 这个字拆成 Market（市场）与 ing（英文的现在进行式表示方法）这两个部分，那行销可以用「市场的现在进行式」来表达产品、价格、促销、通路的变动性导致供需双方的微妙关系。

＜你的行销行不行＞ISBN: 978-986-82609-5-5，理财文化, 2007.08 出版

[编辑] 市场营销理论发展的四个阶段
初创阶段(1900年—1920年)
功能研究阶段(1921年—1945年)
现代市场营销学形成和发展阶段(1945年—1980年)
营销扩展阶段(1980年以后)

[编辑] 市场与需求
市场营销学中的市场可以等同于需求，即研究消费者的现实需求和潜在需求。

美国市场营销协会(AMA)的定义委员会1960年对市场提出以下的定义：

“ 市场是指一种货物或劳务的潜在购买者的集合需求。 ”

菲利普·科特勒把市场定义为

“ 市场是指某种产品的所有实际的和潜在的购买者的集合。 ”

[编辑] 市场的类型
市场从不同角度，可以划分为不同的类型。其中按商品的基本属性可划分为一般商品市场和特殊商品市场。一般商品市场指狭义的商品市场，即货物市场，包括消费品市场和工业品市场；特殊商品市场指为满足消费者的资金需要和服务需要而形成的市场，包括资本市场，劳动力市场和技术信息市场。对以上两种市场作分析时一般要研究消费者市场，产业市场和政府市场。

市场营销环境分析常用的方法为SWOT分析方法，它是英文Strength(优势)、Weakness(劣势)、Opportunity(机会)、Threaten(威胁)的意思。从内部环境分析优劣势，从外部环境分析机会与威胁。

[编辑] 市场营销策略
营销组合的四个因素常称作4P，即：

产品（Proct)
价格 (Price)
推广 (Promotion)
通路与配销 (Place&Distribution)
这四个因素应用到营销过程中，就形成了四方面的营销策略。加上政治POLITICS和公共关系PUBLIC，是为6P。

1981年布姆斯（Booms）和比特纳（Bitner）建议在传统市场营销理论4Ps的基础上增加三个“服务性的P”，即：人员(People)、流程(Process)、环境(或是或实体环境；Physical evidence)。

根据与市场竞争对手对抗的需要而制定富有竞争力的产品、价格、渠道和促销政策。这一时期诞生了著名的4P理论。当时还是大众媒体盛行的时代，依靠大众媒体促进销售，无差异化策略成为这一阶段的明显特征。

[编辑] 产品
产品策略主要研究新产品开发，产品生命周期，品牌策略等，是价格策略，促销策略和分销策略的基础。

[编辑] 价格
价格策略又称定价策略，主要研究产品的定价、调价等[[市场营销工具]

[编辑] 推广
推广是将组织与产品讯息传播给目标市场的活动，它主要的焦点在於沟通。透过推广，企业试图让消费者知晓、了解、喜爱或购买产品，进而影响产品的知名度、形象、销售量，乃至於企业的生长与生存。有了推广，消费者才可得知产品提供何种利益、价格多少、可以到什麼地方购买及如何购买等，而这些消费者反应会进一步协助推动其他行销组合(产品、价格、通路)。

[编辑] 通路
又称渠道策略，也称为促销。它代表企业（机构）在将自身产品送抵最终消费者之前，所制定的与各类分销商之间的贸易关系、成本分摊和利益分配方式的综合体系。这里的分销商既包含批发商，也包含零售商，甚至包含物流配送商和直销公司的直销人员。

企业制定分销政策的目的是：让产品更顺畅地到达顾客手中，既要保证分销成本低廉，又要保证顾客对送货期、送货量、装配服务、疑难咨询等方面的要求。

在产品日益丰富的情况下，分销政策可能变得越来越难制定，因为相对于产品和品牌的过量，分销商则显得稀少，因而后者拥有了大量讨价还价的权力，力图从制造商或上游企业那里获得更大的利益分成比例。

零售商在最近10年的表现尤其令人瞩目，它们不仅从事零售，也开始插手于产品的上游生产过程，并以自己的店铺名称或独创名称作为自己所产新品的品牌——即自有品牌（private brand/label），或叫店铺品牌（store brand/label）。这更深地威胁到了纯粹的制造企业的利润空间，当然也大大增加了后者制定分销策略的难度。

[编辑] 人员（People)
所有的人都直接或间接地被卷入某种服务的消费过程中，这是7P营销组合很重要的一个观点。知识工作者、白领雇员、管理人员以及部分消费者将额外的价值增加到了既有的社会总产品或服务的供给中，这部分价值往往非常显著。

[编辑] 流程（Process）
服务通过一定的程序、机制以及活动得以实现的过程（亦即消费者管理流程），是市场营销战略的一个关键要素。

[编辑] 环境（Physical Evidence）
包括服务供给得以顺利传送的服务环境，有形商品承载和表达服务的能力，当前消费者的无形消费体验，以及向潜在顾客传递消费满足感的能力。

[编辑] 4C
包括：

顾客（Customer）
成本（Cost）
沟通（Communication）
便利（convenience)。
加上机会Chance，市场变化Change为6C。

不销售制造的产品，而要将满足消费者需求的产品售出；不要依竞争者或者自我的盈利策略定价，而是要通过一系列测试手段了解消费者为满足需求愿付出的成本；不要以自身为出发点，想着网点怎么布置，采用什么样的通路策略，而要关注消费者购买产品的便利性；不是想着如何通过媒体传播来提升销量，而要和消费者互动沟通。

[编辑] 营销种类

[编辑] 整合营销
整合营销传播（Integrated Marketing Communications ）

[编辑] 数据库营销（DATABASE MARKETING）

[编辑] 网络营销（Internet Marketing）
网络营销是企业整体营销战略的一个组成部分，是为实现企业总体经营目标所进行的，以互联网为基本手段营造网上经营环境的各种活动。

网络营销的职能包括网站推广、网络品牌、信息发布、在线调研、顾客关系、顾客服务、销售渠道、销售促进八个方面。

Viral Marketing

[编辑] 标竿行销（Bench Marketing）
由江亘松在＜你的行销行不行＞提出

以某个市场上已经存在的竞争者为比较基准的行销方式，例如普腾这家公司於十几年前提出一句很经典的「Sorry，Sony」到现在还是经常被产业与学术界拿来当作行销的案例，近年来Audi一直宣称他们的部分车种在欧洲市场无论在性能或销售上都令双B感觉到威胁，这样的行销方法就是希望让那些原本没有打算买Audi的亚洲买家去思考，为什麼欧洲的消费者愿意买的车在亚洲的我们却没有给予适当的评价。

当然要提出这样的行销方式势必要先对自己的产品有一定的信心，否则如果「如花」喊出「Sorry林志玲」认同的观众应该不会太多吧。

Viral Marketing

[编辑] 直效营销（DIRECT MARKETING）
根据kotler．keller行销管理学第12版中译本

直效行销（direct marketing）是在没有中间行销商的情况下，利用消费者直接（consumer direct,CD）通路来接触及传送货品和服务给客户。主要通路包括直接信函、型录、电话推销，电视购物、小的售票亭、网路和汽车广告。

直效行销是互动是行销系统，利用一种或多种媒体影响任何地区可衡量的回应或交易。特别是在电子行销中正快速成长。

[编辑] 关系营销（RELATIONSHIP MARKETING）
在很多情况下，公司并不能寻求即时的交易，所以他们会与长期供应商建立顾客关系。
公司想要展现给顾客的是卓越的服务能力，现在的顾客多是大型且全球性的。他们偏好可以提供不同地区配套产品
或服务的供应商，且可以快速解决各地的问题。
当顾客关系管理计画被执行时，组织就必须同时注重顾客和产品管理。同时，公司必须明白，虽然关系行销很重要，
但并不是在任何情况下都会有效的。因此，公司必须评估哪一个部门与哪一种特定的顾客采用关系行销最有利。

[编辑] 燎原式行销
由江亘松在＜你的行销行不行＞提出「燎原式行销」的重点在於，以自己强大的财力为基础，先采取竞争对手无法跟随并获利的低价策略，逼迫市场竞争者纷纷退出并且树立警告指标不让其他潜在业者轻易越矩，这样在下一个不怕死的竞争者出现之前，就可以创造一个无竞争者的独占市场。

[编辑] 绿色营销

[编辑] 社会营销

[编辑] 营销社团

[编辑] 市场调研
市场调研又称营销调研，指企业在市场营销决策过程中，需要系统客观收集和分析有关营销活动的信息所做的研究。营销调研活动涉及到产品，广告，促销渠道选择，竞争者等诸多方面。

[编辑] 营销理论的新发展
病毒式营销
关系营销
数据库营销
网络营销
国际营销
绿色营销
服务营销
过程营销
收益管理
Marketing is an ongoing process of planning and executing the marketing mix (Proct, Price, Place, Promotion) for procts, services or ideas to create exchange between indivials and organizations.

Marketing tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research.

Essentially, marketing is the process of creating or directing an organization to be successful in selling a proct or service that people not only desire, but are willing to buy.

Therefore good marketing must be able to create a "proposition" or set of benefits for the end customer that delivers value through procts or services.

Its specialist areas include:

advertising and branding
communications
database marketing
direct marketing
event organization
field marketing
global marketing
international marketing
internet marketing
instrial marketing
market research
public relations
retailing
search engine marketing
marketing strategy
marketing plan
strategic management
Experiential marketing
Introction
A market-focused, or customer-focused, organization first determines what its potential customers desire, and then builds the proct or service. Marketing theory and practice is justified in the belief that customers use a proct or service because they have a need, or because it provides a perceived benefit.

Two major factors of marketing are the recruitment of new customers (acquisition) and the retention and expansion of relationships with existing customers (base management). Once a marketer has converted the prospective buyer, base management marketing takes over. The process for base management shifts the marketer to building a relationship, nurturing the links, enhancing the benefits that sold the buyer in the first place, and improving the proct/service continuously to protect the business from competitive encroachments.

For a marketing plan to be successful, the mix of the four "Ps" must reflect the wants and desires of the consumers or Shoppers in the target market. Trying to convince a market segment to buy something they don't want is extremely expensive and seldom successful. Marketers depend on insights from marketing research, both formal and informal, to determine what consumers want and what they are willing to pay for. Marketers hope that this process will give them a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing management is the practical application of this process. The offer is also an important addition to the 4P's theory.

Within most organizations, the activities encompassed by the marketing function are led by a Vice President or Director of Marketing. A growing number of organizations, especially large US companies, have a Chief Marketing Officer position, reporting to the Chief Executive Officer.

The American Marketing Association (AMA) states, "Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders.".[1]

Marketing methods are informed by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology is also a small, but growing influence. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. Marketing is a wide and heavily interconnected subject with extensive publications. It is also an area of activity infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.

[edit] Concept of Marketing
Marketing is an instructive business domain that serves to inform and ecate target markets about the value and competitive advantage of a company and its procts. “Value” is worth derived by the customer from owning and using the proct. “Competitive Advantage” is a depiction that the company or its procts are each doing something better than their competition in a way that could benefit the customer.

Marketing is focused on the task of conveying pertinent company and proct related information to specific customers, and there are a multitude of decisions (strategies) to be made within the marketing domain regarding what information to deliver, how much information to deliver, to whom to deliver, how to deliver, when to deliver, and where to deliver. Once the decisions are made, there are numerous ways (tactics) and processes that could be employed in support of the selected strategies.

The goal of marketing is to build and maintain a preference for a company and its procts within the target markets. The goal of any business is to build mutually profitable and sustainable relationships with its customers. While all business domains are responsible for accomplishing this goal, the marketing domain bears a significant share of the responsibility.

Within the larger scope of its definition, marketing is performed through the actions of three coordinated disciplines named: “Proct Marketing”, “Corporate Marketing”, and “Marketing Communications”. [1]

[edit] Two levels of marketing
Strategic marketing attempts to determine how an organization competes against its competitors in a market place. In particular, it aims at generating a competitive advantage relative to its competitors.

Operational marketing executes marketing functions to attract and keep customers and to maximize the value derived for them, as well as to satisfy the customer with prompt services and meeting the customer expectations. Operational Marketing includes the determination of the porter's five forces

Four Ps
In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a “Marketing Mix”. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, also at the Harvard Business School in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements: proct, price, place and promotion.

In popular usage, "marketing" is the promotion of procts, especially advertising and branding. However, in professional usage the term has a wider meaning which recognizes that marketing is customer-centered. Procts are often developed to meet the desires of groups of customers or even, in some cases, for specific customers. E. Jerome McCarthy divided marketing into four general sets of activities. His typology has become so universally recognized that his four activity sets, the Four Ps, have passed into the language.

The four Ps are:

Proct: The proct aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants. The scope of a proct generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support.
Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a proct, including discounts. The price need not be monetary - it can simply be what is exchanged for the proct or services, e.g. time, energy, psychology or attention.
Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling, branding and refers to the various methods of promoting the proct, brand, or company.
Placement (or distribution): refers to how the proct gets to the customer; for example, point of sale placement or retailing. This fourth P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a proct or services is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or instry, to which segment (young alts, families, business people), etc.

字数超限

④ 我眼中的市场营销求一篇英语作文100到150个英语单词

Ping An Insurance (Group)
Ping An Insurance (Group) Company of China, Ltd ("Ping An" or “the Company” or "the Group") was established in 1988 in Shekou, Shenzhen. The Group is the first insurance company in China to have a shareholding structure. Today it has developed into an integrated financial services conglomerate with insurance, banking, and investment businesses at its core. The Group’s stocks are listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange under stock code "2318” and on the Shanghai Stock Exchange under "601318".
Ping An's mission is to fulfill its commitments to its investors, customers, employees and society. Ping An's goal and commitment to investors are to proce stable returns and boost asset values. The commitment to customers is to provide the best services with integrity. The commitment to employees centers on being a responsible employer and providing the conditions for better living and career development. Last but not least, Ping An's commitment to Society is based on Ping An's desire to give back to the society and contribute to the development of the country. Ping An focuses on value creation and the pursuit of excellence. The Group advocates that each employee be a person of integrity and value by highlighting indivial virtues such as "honesty, trustworthiness, entrepreneurship, and achievement," and team qualities such as "unity, vitality, learning and innovation". The mechanisms of "competition, motivation, elimination" are implemented, together with a distinctive, professional, advanced and long-term business philosophy.
Ping An's vision is to become an internationally leading integrated financial services group by leveraging its insurance, banking and investment businesses to achieve long-term, stable and healthy growth while creating sustainable and greater value for its stakeholders.

⑤ 求翻译一篇市场营销专业英语~

文化是一个最基本的影响，在个人`的需要，想要，和行为，因为生活的各个方面进行的背回景下的社会中的答个人生活。文化经历影响日常行为，并有实证支持的概念，文化是一个决定因素，某些方面的消费behaviorculture值是通过三个基本组织：家庭，宗教组织，教育机构；和在今天`社会教育机构，发挥着越来越大的作用在这方面。营销经理必须适应市场营销组合的文化价值和不断监测值在美国是越来越重视的成就和事业的成功。这价值观的变化已得到许多商业公司已扩大其强调省时，便民产品。

⑥ 求有关市场营销主要工作的英语作文，大概10句话左右

At all points of the modern marketing system people have formed associations and eliminated various middlemen in order to achieve more efficient marketing.Manufacturers often maintain their own wholesale departments and deal directly with retailers.Independent stores may operate their own wholesale agencies to supply them with goods.Wholesale houses operate outlets for their wares,and farmers sell their procts through their own wholesale cooperatives.Recent years have seen the development of wholesale clubs,which sell retail items to consumers who purchase memberships that give them the privilege of shopping at wholesale prices

⑦ 谁能帮我用英语简捷的介绍一下什么是市场营销

定义

市场营销作为一种计划及执行活动，其过程包括对一个产品，一项服务、或一种思想的开发制作、定价、促销和流通等活动，其目的是经由交换及交易的过程达到满足组织或个人的需求目标。

市场营销是指在以顾客需求为中心的思想指导下，企业所进行的有关产品生产、流通和售后服务等与市场有关的一系列经营活动。

有些学者从宏观角度对市场营销下定义。例如,E.J.Mccarthy

⑧ 跪求中英语对照的4000字的关于市场营销论文

体验营销在房地产企业中的应用

随着体验经济时代的到来，房地产业传统的战略优势，如自然资源、规模经济、资金与技术优势，随着竞争的加剧正在缩小而不再成为必然的优势；企业在产品、价格、渠道及促销、服务等营销操作层面上的竞争，则由于市场运作规范与信息的透明化，而使得相互间模仿和借鉴的速度越来越快，想以此建立起长久的竞争优势也越来越不可能；同时，购房者在物质极大丰富的现代社会，也不再满足于单纯地购买产品，产品或服务所带来的心理上效益也开始占据越来越重要的位置，原有的营销模式已经不能很好的满足消费者需求。三种变化的复合作用，使得开发商只有用创新心理和精神上的营销手段，才能在未来的房地产竞争中打开局面，并最终带来了强调在提高产品本身的使用价值时，开展各种沟通活动，增强顾客体验需求，从而使顾客物质上和精神上得到双重满足的营销理念——体验式营销，在房地产业中得以出现。

一、价值观的演进对房地产营销的影响

很多时候，顾客可能对产品铺天盖地的广告置若罔闻。因为现在花里胡哨的广告太多了，而且许多广告承诺的兑现出现了不少的诚信问题，随着价值观的改变，顾客对于广告的信任正在日益降低。其实顾客更在意的是体现在细节上的实实在在的体验，一个优秀的品牌如果在细节上让顾客获得实实在在的舒适体验其实胜过广告十倍百倍。
房地产开发商必须清楚的认识到：现代营销已进入“体验时代”，房地产行业的环境、特性已经发生了变化，消费者的行为也有了较大的改变，这就要求企业采取合适的营销手段。到底什么样的营销方式才是适合自己的？笔者认为，房地产开发商必须改变创造价值的方式，与消费者共创价值，让消费者成为体验的共同创造者。
消费者价值是营销关注的核心，向顾客提供何种价值是企业制胜的基本问题。传统的教科书列举了4种消费者价值，即功能价值、情感价值、社交价值和个人价值。当前，企业已经“体验”到了“体验经济”所带来的新的价值。“消费者的体验”已经成为第5种消费者价值，即消费者购买和追求的是体验价值。[1]

二、房地产体验营销的特点

在企业开展体验营销之前，首先应该对“体验营销”的特点有所认识：房地产体验营销主要有个性化、无形性、延续性、互动性、主观性等特点。
其一，个性化。产品营销中强调提供标准化的产品，服务营销强调产品和服务的定制，而在体验营销中,由于个体存在巨大差异性，要吸引个体参与达到互动，在营销活动设计中就必须体现较强的个性化。房地产的每个项目都有自己的特点，因此各自定位也不同，除了山水等不可复制的资源，任何特点都可以作为体验营销的内容。
其二，无形性。房地产是一个综合性的行业，除了开发房子，服务更是非常重要的一方面，但是服务本身是以产品为依托的，具有无形性，开发商们通常的做法是将房子和服务捆绑式销售，以更完善地服务消费者，当然许多服务本身也是一种体验。但在体验营销中的无形性更强调顾客所能感受到的一种难忘的、身临其境的体验，它是一种被感知的效果。
其三，延续性。消费者在购房前所获得的感受并不会因一次体验的完成而马上消失，而是具有一定的延续性，如消费者对体验的各种回忆等，有时消费者事后甚至会对这种体验重新评价，产生新的感受。因此房地产体验营销的效果是长期性的，一旦消费者对体验满意，他们对开发商及产品往往产生高度忠诚。
其四，互动性。在产品营销中，消费者是企业的“用户”；在服务营销中，消费者被称为“客户”；而在体验营销中，消费者是企业的“客人”，也是体验活动的“主人”。因为房地产体验活动必须要有消费者的参与，进而在消费者和开发商及产品之间发生一种互动行为。消费者的“主动参与”是体验营销的根本所在，这是区别于“商品营销”和“服务营销”的最显著的特征。离开了消费者的主动性，所有的“体验”都是不可能产生并被消费者自己消费的。
其五，主观性。在产品营销中，企业用价格或其他差异化手段区别于其他企业，在服务营销中企业通过服务价值等让渡使顾客获得更大的利益；而房地产体验营销活动的最终效果是建立在购房者主体印象(主要包括时间、空间、技术、真实性、质地、规格等方面的特征)的基础上的，它包含了个体差异的影响，对不同的印象不同的个体有不同的感受，表现为一种购房者个体的主观性。

三、体验营销在房地产行业的应用

国内房地产商所实践的房地产体验营销就是在整个营销行为的过程中，把消费者的感性行为划分为看(See)、听(Hear)、使用(Use)和参与(Participate)四个连贯的环节，充分利用感性信息的能力，通过影响消费者的更多的感官感受来介入其行为过程，从而影响消费者的决策过程与结果。
笔者认为，房地产体验营销就是利用传统文化、现代科技、艺术和大自然等整合手段来影响消费者的看、听、使用和参与行为，充分刺激和调动消费者的感官、情感、思考、行动、关联等感性因素和理性因素，在产品、服务、情境等方面为消费者创造值得回忆和持续愉悦的丰富体验，从而促进产品的销售和顾客价值最大化。
笔者认为，房地产体验营销可以分为三个阶段进行：体验前营销、体验中营销和体验后营销。
(一)体验前营销
体验前营销是一个非常重要的阶段，这一阶段的主要任务包括开发商内部和外部情况及营销模式分析、顾客体验期望分析和体验设计。
通过分析消费者的体验世界，能够获得消费者内心最深处的想法，房地产开发商要分析消费者的商业环境和生存环境包括社会文化因素、消费者的体验需求和期望以及生活方式。开发商需要将广泛的生活方式联系到产品的使用情况上，包括产品的质量和功能、品牌的知名度和美誉度、产品的销售情况。同时还要考虑竞争对手、合作伙伴，以及整个产业的有关情况，最后联系到品牌上，也就是说开发商不是以产品而是以顾客体验即以人们购房时的消费意境来把自己和别的开发商区分开来。
现在从顾客的立场出发，梳理出顾客体验世界的4个层次：Ⅰ.品牌提供的体验；Ⅱ.产品的品类提供的体验；Ⅲ.品牌的使用和消费环境提供的体验；Ⅳ.广义的体验与顾客的社会文化环境或与房地产投资的大环境相关联。[3]
房地产的品牌是从品牌提供的特定体验开始的，然后上升到更广泛的意义上。品牌体验就是住宅看起来怎么样、环境如何、配套设施是否完善等，这种品牌体验一部分是由产品品类驱动的，如房型、结构的不同，普通住宅、别墅的不同等，都会引起不同的产品品类体验。更重要的是品牌和产品品类融合在更广义的消费环境中，即住宅能够提供最基本的挡风遮雨、居住的使用功能。最后，这种消费环境(居住)是社会文化的一部分，消费者所购买居住、投资的住宅往往和自身的身份、社会地位、生活方式等联系在一起。从特定的体验上升到更广义的层次上，就能够更理解住宅对现在的顾客意味着什么。一旦融合进个人职业生活的环境，产品本身看起来就那么不显眼了，房地产产品就有了新的意义，提供了新的市场机会。
了解顾客对体验的期望是为顾客创造体验价值的前提，因为顾客的满意来自于体验感知与体验期望之间的比较，符合顾客体验期望的产品和服务才能创造顾客满意；而超越顾客期望的体验经历将创造顾客忠诚，最终实现企业的长期可持续赢利。设计顾客体验、搭建体验平台，这是分析顾客体验世界与传递体验之间最主要的连接点。
(二)体验中营销
体验中营销就是体验实施的过程，这个过程中顾客直接参与体验，体验平台要在与顾客的接触中实施。因此，需要对体验现场进行控制，引导顾客体验按照体验设计的主题线索有效开展活动，从而最大限度地实现顾客的体验期望。房地产开发商可通过定期组织开展活动让购房者及业主参与进来，地点最好是选择在产品实景区，购房者通过参与活动实实在在地感受到社区的环境及文化，还可增进邻里之间的感情，这对促进购房者消费是十分见效的。现在越来越多的开发商意识到这点，篝火节、业主游、美食节等活动不断在开发商中上演，事实证明这对促进房子销售确实很有效果。

(三)体验后营销
体验后营销就是进行沟通与反馈。体验是为了加深购房者对产品和服务的了解，促进销售，但也是为了进一步认识购房者的心理需求。因此，要能够在购房者体验的时候获得购房者的反馈信息，了解购房者的期望，同时加强与购房者的沟通。一方面对购房者感到不满意的地方进行期望再分析，以备重新设计体验，不断改善体验，使之更符合购房者的需要；另一方面，可以超越购房者期望，实现购房者的全面满意，建立企业的顾客忠诚，维持企业的长期成长和赢利。万科地产在这方面有很多值得我们借鉴的地方，体验后的问卷填写、销售代表的电话回访、项目建设进度的定期汇报等都是了解购房者体验感受的好方法。

四、我国房地产体验营销误区

由于对体验营销的概念、框架、策略以及消费者行为的变化没有足够的了解，我国房地产开发商在实践中对体验营销的认识和应用出现了一些误区。
(一)体验营销就是让客户在样板房里住几天
让客户在样板房里住上几天就能得到一个良好的客户满意度？其实不然。因为，用于体验的样板房往往是建在尚未完全竣工的在建楼里，并不能够完全提供全套的生活设备，如上下水不通、室外园林未完成等，难以满足实际使用功能。这样客户就很难得到真实的居住体验。如果是在现楼中体验，由于房地产的预售特性，到那时候再展示，意义也不大。所以，好的体验应该是从客户参观朋友新居开始，从对园林的观感认识开始。
(二)眼球经济代表万能
体验营销应该让消费者、业主受益，而不应干扰正常的生活和工作秩序。当年深圳拒绝蜘蛛人攀爬地王大厦和赛格广场，理由在于写字楼就是用来办公的，不应该受到不必要的干扰。诸多商业秀仅仅以娱众的方式获取眼球，却忽视了是否会影响受众客户的心理，很难让消费者对项目本身产生足够的信心，必然会遭到失败。
(三)通宵排队是体验营销
有众多楼盘在开盘前日出现通宵排队的现象，这其中有许多消费者为了选到满意的房号不得不连夜排队。开发商或代理商的确希望出现这种楼盘热销、供不应求的场面，以便促成客户尽快签订购房合同，但此举往往拉开了与客户之间的心理距离。其实，目前并不存在短缺经济，房地产市场尤其如此，排队选房不是好的体验方式。
(四)售楼处过分舒适
售楼处适当的装修是必要的，但过分铺张，就是一种浪费。其实客户最为关注的仍然是楼盘的实际品质，对售楼处的感知仅仅是停留在环境和服务的感性层面上，而过分追求客户感受不到的层面是没意义的。
(五)宣传造势越热越好
即便是成功的宣传造势往往也过度地提高了业主的期望值，常使得业主入住后产生落差，最后往往对项目认知形成不良印象。而网络是一个非常公共的、虚拟的空间，许多不可测因素在网络里都可能发生，一些情绪化的宣泄甚至能给项目带来破坏性影响。

一、价值链的概念和构成
企业要生存和发展，必须为企业的股东和其他利益集团包括员工、顾客、供货商以及所在地区和相关行业等创造价值。如果把“企业”这个“黑匣子”打开，我们可以把企业创造价值的过程分解为一系列互不相同但又相互关联的经济活动，或者称之为“增值活动”，其总和即构成企业的“价值链”。任何一个企业都是其产品在设计、生产、销售、交货和售后服务方面所进行的各项活动的聚合体。每一项经营管理活动就是这一价值链条上的一个环节。企业的价值链及其进行单个活动的方式，反映了该企业的历史、战略、实施战略的方式以及活动自身的主要经济状况。
价值链可以分为基本增值活动和辅助性增值活动两大部分。企业的基本增值活动，即一般意义上的“生产经营环节”，如材料供应、成品开发、生产运行、成品储运、市场营销和售后服务。这些活动都与商品实体的加工流转直接相关。企业的辅助性增值活动，包括组织建设、人事管理、技术开发和采购管理。这里的技术和采购都是广义的，既可以包括生产性技术，也包括非生产性的开发管理，例如，决策技术、信息技术、计划技术；采购管理既包括生产原材料，也包括其他资源投入的管理，例如，聘请有关咨询公司为企业进行广告策划、市场预测、法律咨询、信息系统设计和长期战略计划等。
价值链的各环节之间相互关联，相互影响。一个环节经营管理的好坏可以影响到其他环节的成本和效益。比方说，如果多花一点成本采购高质量的原材料，生产过程中就可以减少工序，少出次品，缩短加工时间。虽然价值链的每一环节都与其他环节相关，但是一个环节能在多大程度上影响其他环节的价值活动，则与其在价值链条上的位置有很大的关系。根据产品实体在价值链各环节的流转程序，企业的价值活动可以被分为“上游环节”和“下游环节”两大类。在企业的基本价值活动中，材料供应、产品开发、生产运行可以被称为“上游环节”；成品储运、市场营销和售后服务可以被称为“下游环节”。上游环节经济活动的中心是产品，与产品的技术特性紧密相关；下游环节的中心是顾客，成败优劣主要取决于顾客特点。
不管是生产性还是服务性行业，企业的基本活动都可以用上价值链来表示，但是不同的行业价值的具体构成并不完全相同，同一环节在各行业中的重要性也不同。例如，在农产品行业，由于产品本身相对简单，竞争主要表现为价格竞争，一般较少需要广告茗销，对售后服务的要求也不是特别强烈，与之相应，价值链的下游环节对企业经营的整体效应的影响相对次要；而在许多工业机械行业以及其他技术性要求较高的行业，售后服务往往是竞争成败的关键。
二、价值链与企业的竞争优势
“价值链”理论的基本观点是，在一个企业众多的“价值活动”中，并不是每一个环节都创造价值。企业所创造的价值，实际上来自企业价值链上的某些特定的价值活动；这些真正创造价值的经营活动，就是企业价值链的“战略环节”。企业在竞争中的优势，尤其是能够长期保持的优势，说到底，是企业在价值链某些特定的战略价值环节上的优势。而行业的垄断优势来自于该行业的某些特定环节的垄断优势，抓住了这些关键环节，也就抓住了整个价值链。这些决定企业经营成败和效益的战略环节可以是产品开发、工艺设计，也可以是市场营销、信息技术，或者认识管理等等，视不同的行业而异。在高档时装业，这种战略环节一般是设计能力；在卷烟业，这种战略环节主要是广告宣传和公共关系策略（也就是如何对付各种政府和消费者组织的戒烟努力）；在餐饮业，这种战略环节主要是餐馆地点的选择。
虽然如前所述不同行业有不同的价值链，同一环节在各行业的作用也不相同，但是，对于具有较大规模的企业，例如跨国公司则可以通过价值链上的关键环节也就是核心能力在相关行业中进行扩散和移植，从而提高企业尤其是跨国公司的竞争优势。跨国公司在国际营销活动中拥有全球跨行业营销的范围经济效应。这种范围经济效应是跨国公司通过最佳广度（范围）地使用通用型要素和资源而获得的。这种通用型要素可以是通用的生产设备、管理经验、营销技能和研究开发能力。由于在价值链的每一个环节几乎都能发现通用型要素的存在，那么，当两个行业的价值链上的关键环节也就是核心能力需要相同的通用型要素时，跨国公司就将自己在一个行业中的核心能力扩散到另一个相关行业，使得范围经济效应转化为范围经济优势。因此，跨国公司在一个行业的营销沟通活动中获得的先进知识、经验和技能，可以不需要很大的追加投资就能转移到其他相关行业。如美国的菲利浦一莫利斯公司是著名的烟草商，创造了万宝路这样的全球性香烟品牌，该公司进入食品行业后，带入了其卓越的广告、营销推广等营销沟通技巧，使得像米勒啤酒等品牌也迅速成为美国的领先品牌，并走向世界。
当跨国公司进行全球营销时，范围经济优势又可以同时转移到新进入的国别市场。根据该国的特定市场环境，跨国公司有计划地选择相关行业的产品相继导入，在市场研究、促销技巧和共同渠道等方面形成范围经济效应，尤其是促销行为的协同效应对树立跨国公司在当地的整体形象具有重要的战略意义。如飞利浦公司在包括中国在内的许多国家都引入其照明、微电子、计算机硬件、家用电器等相关行业的多种产品，并使用相同的广告语“让我们做得更好”，使得公司形象非常鲜明。尽管其多年营运状况不佳，但据调研显示在中国市场上飞利浦公司的知名度要远高于通用电气等强劲的竞争对手。其他如日用消费品行业的跨国公司在各国市场上都如出一辙地引入家用洗涤剂、消费纸品、个人护理用品和食品保健品，这些都是跨国公司获得范围经济效应的例证。
很显然，要保持企业对某一产品的垄断优势，关键是保持这一产品价值链上的战略环节的垄断优势，并不需要在所有的价值活动上都保持垄断优势。战略环节要紧紧控制在企业内部，很多非战略性的活动则完全可以通过合同的方式承包出去，尽量利用市场以减低成本，增加灵活性。对战略环节的垄断可以采取许多形式，既可以是垄断关键原材料，垄断关键人才，也可以是垄断关键销售渠道、关键市场，等等。比如说，在很多靠特殊技能竞争的行业，例如广告业、表演业、体育业，这种垄断优势通常来自于对若干关键人才的垄断；在很多靠产品特色竞争的行业，这种垄断优势往往是来自于对关键技术或原料配方的垄断，例如可口可乐的配方，麦当劳“巨无霸”汉堡包的专用调料配方，都是绝密级别的商业秘密。在高科技产品行业，这种垄断优势通常来自于对若干关键生产技术，例如对计算机的芯片生产技术的垄断造就了全球芯片巨头IN-TEL公司。而微软（Microsoft）则在电脑软件领域拥有无与伦比的创新能力。广州宝洁从成立开始就以“世界一流产品，美化您的生活”作为企业的经营理念，树立“宝洁公司，优质产品”的形象。为了维护其优质产品概念，公司动用其在全世界拥有的超过100名的专业技术人员，每年都花费其销售额的8％-10％（约5亿到7亿元）的费用进行专门的产品研究，宝洁认为，只有不断开发产品功能，提高科技含量，才能占领市场。优质产品概念不等同于国家、行业的标准。为了开发一个优质产品概念，宝洁每年花费销售额的1％－3％进行各方面的市场研究，用宝洁的话说，优质产品必须是消费者合同的产品，产品核心功能和外围功能都成为满足

Experiential Marketing in Real Estate Enterprises

With the experience economy era, the strategic advantages of traditional real estate instry, such as natural resources, economies of scale, capital and technological advantages, with the increased competition is narrowing rather than as a natural advantage; enterprises in proct, pricing, channels and promotion, marketing services, operating at the level of competition, e to the operation of the market norms of transparency and information, and made to imitate and learn from each other at an increasing rate, I would like to establish long-term competitive advantage has become increasingly impossible; At the same time, buyers great material wealth of modern society, are no longer simply satisfied with the purchase of procts, goods or services brought about by the psychological benefits have begun to occupy an increasingly important location, the original Marketing can not be a good model to meet consumer demand. Three changes in the role of the composite, making developers use the innovative marketing of psychological and spiritual means, in order to compete in the future to open real estate situation, and eventually brought in to increase emphasis on the value of the proct itself, the various communication activities, and enhance the customer experience needs, so that customers receive the material and spiritual concept of the al meet marketing - Experiential marketing, to appear in the real estate instry.

First, the evolution of the values of the impact of the real estate marketing

In many cases, customers may have turned a deaf ear to proct advertising overwhelming. Because there are too many ads, and many advertising commitments to honor the integrity of a number of emerging issues, with the changes in values, the confidence of customers for the advertisers are increasingly reced. In fact, customer care is reflected in the details of the real experience, a good brand in the details for customers to get real comfortable experience times in fact, a hundred times better than advertising.
Real estate developers a clear understanding of the need to: modern marketing has entered the "Experience Era", the real estate instry, the environment, characteristics has changed, consumers also enjoy a greater degree of change, which requires enterprises to adopt an appropriate marketing. In the end what kind of marketing is appropriate for their own? I believe that real estate developers must change the way of creating value, and consumers to create value, so that consumers become co-creators of experience.
Consumer value is the core of marketing attention to what customers value is the fundamental question of winning. Traditional textbook lists four kinds of consumer value, namely, functional value, emotional value, social value and personal value. At present, the company has "experience" to the "experience economy" brought about by the new value. "Consumer experience" has become the first five kinds of consumer value, namely, the pursuit of consumer purchases and the value of the experience.

⑨ 本人急需一篇（关于市场营销的英文文章），5千字英文，有中文的翻译．

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The Competition
It is essential to know who the competition is and to understand their strengths and weaknesses. Factors to consider include:
Each of your competitor's experience, staying power, market position, strength, predictability and freedom to abandon the market must be evaluated.
Your Enterprise
An honest appraisal of the strength of your enterprise is a critical factor in the development of your strategy. Factors to consider include:
Enterprise capacity to be leader in low-cost proction considering cost control infrastructure, cost of materials, economies of scale, management skills, availability of personnel and compatibility of manufacturing resources with offering requirements.
The enterprise's ability to construct entry barriers to competition such as the creation of high switching costs, gaining substantial benefit from economies of scale, exclusive access to or clogging of distribution channels and the ability to clearly differentiate your offering from the competition.
The enterprise's ability to sustain its market position is determined by the potential for competitive imitation, resistance to inflation, ability to maintain high prices, the potential for proct obsolescence and the 'learning curve' faced by the prospect.
The prominence of the enterprise.
The competence of the management team.
The adequacy of the enterprise's infrastructure in terms of organization, recruiting capabilities, employee benefit programs, customer support facilities and logistical capabilities.
The freedom of the enterprise to make critical business decisions without une influence from distributors, suppliers, unions, creditors, investors and other outside influences.
Freedom from having to deal with legal problems.
Development
A review of the strength and viability of the proct/service development program will heavily influence the direction of your strategy. Factors to consider include:
The strength of the development manager including experience with personnel management, current and new technologies, complex projects and the equipment and tools used by the development personnel.
Personnel who understand the relevant technologies and are able to perform the tasks necessary to meet the development objectives.
Adequacy and appropriateness of the development tools and equipment.
The necessary funding to achieve the development objectives.
Design specifications that are manageable.
Proction
You should review your enterprise's proction organization with respect to their ability to cost effectively proce procts/services. The following factors are considered:
The strength of proction manager including experience with personnel management, current and new technologies, complex projects and the equipment and tools used by the manufacturing personnel.
Economies of scale allowing the sharing of operations, sharing of proction and the potential for vertical integration.
Technology and proction experience
The necessary proction personnel skill level and/or the enterprise's ability to hire or train qualified personnel.
The ability of the enterprise to limit suppliers bargaining power.
The ability of the enterprise to control the quality of raw materials and proction.
Adequate access to raw materials and sub-assembly proction.
Marketing/Sales
The marketing and sales organization is analyzed for its strengths and current activities. Factors to consider include:
Experience of Marketing/Sales manager including contacts in the instry (prospects, distribution channels, media), familiarity with advertising and promotion, personal selling capabilities, general management skills and a history of profit and loss responsibilities.
The ability to generate good publicity as measured by past successes, contacts in the press, quality of promotional literature and market ecation capabilities.
Sales promotion techniques such as trade allowances, special pricing and contests.
The effectiveness of your distribution channels as measured by history of relations, the extent of channel utilization, financial stability, reputation, access to prospects and familiarity with your offering.
Advertising capabilities including media relationships, advertising budget, past experience, how easily the offering can be advertised and commitment to advertising.
Sales capabilities including availability of personnel, quality of personnel, location of sales outlets, ability to generate sales leads, relationship with distributors, ability to demonstrate the benefits of the offering and necessary sales support capabilities.
The appropriateness of the pricing of your offering as it relates to competition, price sensitivity of the prospect, prospect's familiarity with the offering and the current market life cycle stage.
Customer Services
The strength of the customer service function has a strong influence on long term market success. Factors to consider include:
Experience of the Customer Service manager in the areas of similar offerings and customers, quality control, technical support, proct documentation, sales and marketing.
The availability of technical support to service your offering after it is purchased.
One or more factors that causes your customer support to stand out as unique in the eyes of the customer.
Accessibility of service outlets for the customer.
The reputation of the enterprise for customer service.
Conclusion
After defining your strategy you must use the information you have gathered to determine whether this strategy will achieve the objective of making your enterprise competitive in the marketplace. Two of the most important assessments are described below.
Cost To Enter Market
This is an analysis of the factors that will influence your costs to achieve significant market penetration. Factors to consider include:
Your marketing strength.
Access to low cost materials and effective proction.
The experience of your enterprise.
The complexity of introction problems such as lack of adherence to instry standards, unavailability of materials, poor quality control, regulatory problems and the inability to explain the benefits of the offering to the prospect.
The effectiveness of the enterprise infrastructure in terms of organization, recruiting capabilities, employee benefit programs, customer support facilities and logistical capabilities.
Distribution effectiveness as measured by history of relations, the extent of channel utilization, financial stability, reputation, access to prospects and familiarity with your offering.
Technological efforts likely to be successful as measured by the strength of the development organization.
The availability of adequate operating capital.
Profit Potential
This is an analysis of the factors that could influence the potential for generating and maintaining profits over an extended period. Factors to consider include:
Potential for competitive retaliation is based on the competitors resources, commitment to the instry, cash position and predictability as well as the status of the market.
The enterprise's ability to construct entry barriers to competition such as the creation of high switching costs, gaining substantial benefit from economies of scale, exclusive access to or clogging of distribution channels and the ability to clearly differentiate your offering from the competition.
The intensity of competitive rivalry as measured by the size and number of competitors, limitations on exiting the market, differentiation between offerings and the rapidity of market growth.
The ability of the enterprise to limit suppliers bargaining power.
The enterprise's ability to sustain its market position is determined by the potential for competitive imitation, resistance to inflation, ability to maintain high prices, the potential for proct obsolescence and the 'learning curve' faced by the prospect.
The availability of substitute solutions to the prospect's need.
The prospect's bargaining power as measured by the ease of switching to an alternative, the cost to look at alternatives, the cost of the offering, the differentiation between your offering and the competition and the degree of the prospect's need.
Market potential for new procts considering market growth, prospect's need for your offering, the benefits of the offering, the number of barriers to immediate use, the credibility of the offering and the impact on the customer's daily operations.
The freedom of the enterprise to make critical business decisions without une influence from distributors, suppliers, unions, investors and other outside influences.

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市场营销（Marketing），又称为市场学、市场行销或行销学，MBA、EMBA等经典商管课程均将市场营销作为对管理者进行管理和教育的重要模块包含在内。市场营销是在创造、沟通、传播和交换产品中，为顾客、客户、合作伙伴以及整个社会带来经济价值的活动、过程和体系。主要是指营销人员针对市场开展经营活动、销售行为的过程。