❶ 求市场营销英文文献 10000字左右
给我分!快!!
The Project Began with a Thorough Review of the Market for Lightbulbs
http://www.uikoo.com/marketing/93.html
Specific Marketing Objectives Were Set for the New Proct
http://www.uikoo.com/marketing/69.html
Market Research Confirmed a Major New Proct Opportunity
http://www.uikoo.com/marketing/60.html
Successful Marketing Plans Eliminate the Negatives
http://www.uikoo.com/marketing/42.html
The Marketing Audit
http://www.uikoo.com/marketing/33.html
How To Develop A Marketing Plan
http://www.uikoo.com/marketing/14.html
Marketing Strategy
http://www.uikoo.com/marketing/12.html
Marketing Objectives
http://www.uikoo.com/marketing/11.html
Marketing Audit
http://www.uikoo.com/marketing/10.html
Understanding Marketing Planning
http://www.uikoo.com/marketing/9.html
Talk the service marketing of modern hospital
http://www.uikoo.com/marketing/8.html
What Is Brand Identity Marketing
http://www.uikoo.com/marketing/3.html
❷ 本人急需一篇(关于市场营销的英文文章),三千字英文,有中文的翻译.
市场营销(Marketing)又称为 市场学、市场行销或行销学。简称“营销”,台湾常称作“行销”,是指个人或集体通过交易其创造的产品或价值以获得所需之物实现双赢或多赢的过程。
权威定义
美国市场营销协会下的定义是:
行销是创造、沟通与传送价值给顾客,及经营顾客关系以便让组织与其利益关系人受益的一种组织功能与程序
菲利普·科特勒下的定义强调了营销的价值导向:
市场营销是个人和集体通过创造,提供出售,并同别人交换和价值,以获得其所需所欲之物的一种社会和管理过程。
而格隆罗斯给的定义强调了营销的目的:
营销是在一种利益之上下,通过相互交换和承诺,建立、维持、巩固与消费者及其他参与者的关系,实现各方的目的)。
[编辑] 新式定义
台湾的江亘松在<你的行销行不行>中强调行销的变动性,利用行销的英文 Marketing 作了下面的定义
「什麼是行销?」就字面上来说,「行销」的英文是「Marketing」,若把 Marketing 这个字拆成 Market(市场)与 ing(英文的现在进行式表示方法)这两个部分,那行销可以用「市场的现在进行式」来表达产品、价格、促销、通路的变动性导致供需双方的微妙关系。
<你的行销行不行>ISBN: 978-986-82609-5-5,理财文化, 2007.08 出版
[编辑] 市场营销理论发展的四个阶段
初创阶段(1900年—1920年)
功能研究阶段(1921年—1945年)
现代市场营销学形成和发展阶段(1945年—1980年)
营销扩展阶段(1980年以后)
[编辑] 市场与需求
市场营销学中的市场可以等同于需求,即研究消费者的现实需求和潜在需求。
美国市场营销协会(AMA)的定义委员会1960年对市场提出以下的定义:
“ 市场是指一种货物或劳务的潜在购买者的集合需求。 ”
菲利普·科特勒把市场定义为
“ 市场是指某种产品的所有实际的和潜在的购买者的集合。 ”
[编辑] 市场的类型
市场从不同角度,可以划分为不同的类型。其中按商品的基本属性可划分为一般商品市场和特殊商品市场。一般商品市场指狭义的商品市场,即货物市场,包括消费品市场和工业品市场;特殊商品市场指为满足消费者的资金需要和服务需要而形成的市场,包括资本市场,劳动力市场和技术信息市场。对以上两种市场作分析时一般要研究消费者市场,产业市场和政府市场。
市场营销环境分析常用的方法为SWOT分析方法,它是英文Strength(优势)、Weakness(劣势)、Opportunity(机会)、Threaten(威胁)的意思。从内部环境分析优劣势,从外部环境分析机会与威胁。
[编辑] 市场营销策略
营销组合的四个因素常称作4P,即:
产品(Proct)
价格 (Price)
推广 (Promotion)
通路与配销 (Place&Distribution)
这四个因素应用到营销过程中,就形成了四方面的营销策略。加上政治POLITICS和公共关系PUBLIC,是为6P。
1981年布姆斯(Booms)和比特纳(Bitner)建议在传统市场营销理论4Ps的基础上增加三个“服务性的P”,即:人员(People)、流程(Process)、环境(或是或实体环境;Physical evidence)。
根据与市场竞争对手对抗的需要而制定富有竞争力的产品、价格、渠道和促销政策。这一时期诞生了著名的4P理论。当时还是大众媒体盛行的时代,依靠大众媒体促进销售,无差异化策略成为这一阶段的明显特征。
[编辑] 产品
产品策略主要研究新产品开发,产品生命周期,品牌策略等,是价格策略,促销策略和分销策略的基础。
[编辑] 价格
价格策略又称定价策略,主要研究产品的定价、调价等[[市场营销工具]
[编辑] 推广
推广是将组织与产品讯息传播给目标市场的活动,它主要的焦点在於沟通。透过推广,企业试图让消费者知晓、了解、喜爱或购买产品,进而影响产品的知名度、形象、销售量,乃至於企业的生长与生存。有了推广,消费者才可得知产品提供何种利益、价格多少、可以到什麼地方购买及如何购买等,而这些消费者反应会进一步协助推动其他行销组合(产品、价格、通路)。
[编辑] 通路
又称渠道策略,也称为促销。它代表企业(机构)在将自身产品送抵最终消费者之前,所制定的与各类分销商之间的贸易关系、成本分摊和利益分配方式的综合体系。这里的分销商既包含批发商,也包含零售商,甚至包含物流配送商和直销公司的直销人员。
企业制定分销政策的目的是:让产品更顺畅地到达顾客手中,既要保证分销成本低廉,又要保证顾客对送货期、送货量、装配服务、疑难咨询等方面的要求。
在产品日益丰富的情况下,分销政策可能变得越来越难制定,因为相对于产品和品牌的过量,分销商则显得稀少,因而后者拥有了大量讨价还价的权力,力图从制造商或上游企业那里获得更大的利益分成比例。
零售商在最近10年的表现尤其令人瞩目,它们不仅从事零售,也开始插手于产品的上游生产过程,并以自己的店铺名称或独创名称作为自己所产新品的品牌——即自有品牌(private brand/label),或叫店铺品牌(store brand/label)。这更深地威胁到了纯粹的制造企业的利润空间,当然也大大增加了后者制定分销策略的难度。
[编辑] 人员(People)
所有的人都直接或间接地被卷入某种服务的消费过程中,这是7P营销组合很重要的一个观点。知识工作者、白领雇员、管理人员以及部分消费者将额外的价值增加到了既有的社会总产品或服务的供给中,这部分价值往往非常显著。
[编辑] 流程(Process)
服务通过一定的程序、机制以及活动得以实现的过程(亦即消费者管理流程),是市场营销战略的一个关键要素。
[编辑] 环境(Physical Evidence)
包括服务供给得以顺利传送的服务环境,有形商品承载和表达服务的能力,当前消费者的无形消费体验,以及向潜在顾客传递消费满足感的能力。
[编辑] 4C
包括:
顾客(Customer)
成本(Cost)
沟通(Communication)
便利(convenience)。
加上机会Chance,市场变化Change为6C。
不销售制造的产品,而要将满足消费者需求的产品售出;不要依竞争者或者自我的盈利策略定价,而是要通过一系列测试手段了解消费者为满足需求愿付出的成本;不要以自身为出发点,想着网点怎么布置,采用什么样的通路策略,而要关注消费者购买产品的便利性;不是想着如何通过媒体传播来提升销量,而要和消费者互动沟通。
[编辑] 营销种类
[编辑] 整合营销
整合营销传播(Integrated Marketing Communications )
[编辑] 数据库营销(DATABASE MARKETING)
[编辑] 网络营销(Internet Marketing)
网络营销是企业整体营销战略的一个组成部分,是为实现企业总体经营目标所进行的,以互联网为基本手段营造网上经营环境的各种活动。
网络营销的职能包括网站推广、网络品牌、信息发布、在线调研、顾客关系、顾客服务、销售渠道、销售促进八个方面。
Viral Marketing
[编辑] 标竿行销(Bench Marketing)
由江亘松在<你的行销行不行>提出
以某个市场上已经存在的竞争者为比较基准的行销方式,例如普腾这家公司於十几年前提出一句很经典的「Sorry,Sony」到现在还是经常被产业与学术界拿来当作行销的案例,近年来Audi一直宣称他们的部分车种在欧洲市场无论在性能或销售上都令双B感觉到威胁,这样的行销方法就是希望让那些原本没有打算买Audi的亚洲买家去思考,为什麼欧洲的消费者愿意买的车在亚洲的我们却没有给予适当的评价。
当然要提出这样的行销方式势必要先对自己的产品有一定的信心,否则如果「如花」喊出「Sorry林志玲」认同的观众应该不会太多吧。
Viral Marketing
[编辑] 直效营销(DIRECT MARKETING)
根据kotler.keller行销管理学第12版中译本
直效行销(direct marketing)是在没有中间行销商的情况下,利用消费者直接(consumer direct,CD)通路来接触及传送货品和服务给客户。主要通路包括直接信函、型录、电话推销,电视购物、小的售票亭、网路和汽车广告。
直效行销是互动是行销系统,利用一种或多种媒体影响任何地区可衡量的回应或交易。特别是在电子行销中正快速成长。
[编辑] 关系营销(RELATIONSHIP MARKETING)
在很多情况下,公司并不能寻求即时的交易,所以他们会与长期供应商建立顾客关系。
公司想要展现给顾客的是卓越的服务能力,现在的顾客多是大型且全球性的。他们偏好可以提供不同地区配套产品
或服务的供应商,且可以快速解决各地的问题。
当顾客关系管理计画被执行时,组织就必须同时注重顾客和产品管理。同时,公司必须明白,虽然关系行销很重要,
但并不是在任何情况下都会有效的。因此,公司必须评估哪一个部门与哪一种特定的顾客采用关系行销最有利。
[编辑] 燎原式行销
由江亘松在<你的行销行不行>提出「燎原式行销」的重点在於,以自己强大的财力为基础,先采取竞争对手无法跟随并获利的低价策略,逼迫市场竞争者纷纷退出并且树立警告指标不让其他潜在业者轻易越矩,这样在下一个不怕死的竞争者出现之前,就可以创造一个无竞争者的独占市场。
[编辑] 绿色营销
[编辑] 社会营销
[编辑] 营销社团
[编辑] 市场调研
市场调研又称营销调研,指企业在市场营销决策过程中,需要系统客观收集和分析有关营销活动的信息所做的研究。营销调研活动涉及到产品,广告,促销渠道选择,竞争者等诸多方面。
[编辑] 营销理论的新发展
病毒式营销
关系营销
数据库营销
网络营销
国际营销
绿色营销
服务营销
过程营销
收益管理
Marketing is an ongoing process of planning and executing the marketing mix (Proct, Price, Place, Promotion) for procts, services or ideas to create exchange between indivials and organizations.
Marketing tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research.
Essentially, marketing is the process of creating or directing an organization to be successful in selling a proct or service that people not only desire, but are willing to buy.
Therefore good marketing must be able to create a "proposition" or set of benefits for the end customer that delivers value through procts or services.
Its specialist areas include:
advertising and branding
communications
database marketing
direct marketing
event organization
field marketing
global marketing
international marketing
internet marketing
instrial marketing
market research
public relations
retailing
search engine marketing
marketing strategy
marketing plan
strategic management
Experiential marketing
Introction
A market-focused, or customer-focused, organization first determines what its potential customers desire, and then builds the proct or service. Marketing theory and practice is justified in the belief that customers use a proct or service because they have a need, or because it provides a perceived benefit.
Two major factors of marketing are the recruitment of new customers (acquisition) and the retention and expansion of relationships with existing customers (base management). Once a marketer has converted the prospective buyer, base management marketing takes over. The process for base management shifts the marketer to building a relationship, nurturing the links, enhancing the benefits that sold the buyer in the first place, and improving the proct/service continuously to protect the business from competitive encroachments.
For a marketing plan to be successful, the mix of the four "Ps" must reflect the wants and desires of the consumers or Shoppers in the target market. Trying to convince a market segment to buy something they don't want is extremely expensive and seldom successful. Marketers depend on insights from marketing research, both formal and informal, to determine what consumers want and what they are willing to pay for. Marketers hope that this process will give them a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing management is the practical application of this process. The offer is also an important addition to the 4P's theory.
Within most organizations, the activities encompassed by the marketing function are led by a Vice President or Director of Marketing. A growing number of organizations, especially large US companies, have a Chief Marketing Officer position, reporting to the Chief Executive Officer.
The American Marketing Association (AMA) states, "Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders.".[1]
Marketing methods are informed by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology is also a small, but growing influence. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. Marketing is a wide and heavily interconnected subject with extensive publications. It is also an area of activity infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.
[edit] Concept of Marketing
Marketing is an instructive business domain that serves to inform and ecate target markets about the value and competitive advantage of a company and its procts. “Value” is worth derived by the customer from owning and using the proct. “Competitive Advantage” is a depiction that the company or its procts are each doing something better than their competition in a way that could benefit the customer.
Marketing is focused on the task of conveying pertinent company and proct related information to specific customers, and there are a multitude of decisions (strategies) to be made within the marketing domain regarding what information to deliver, how much information to deliver, to whom to deliver, how to deliver, when to deliver, and where to deliver. Once the decisions are made, there are numerous ways (tactics) and processes that could be employed in support of the selected strategies.
The goal of marketing is to build and maintain a preference for a company and its procts within the target markets. The goal of any business is to build mutually profitable and sustainable relationships with its customers. While all business domains are responsible for accomplishing this goal, the marketing domain bears a significant share of the responsibility.
Within the larger scope of its definition, marketing is performed through the actions of three coordinated disciplines named: “Proct Marketing”, “Corporate Marketing”, and “Marketing Communications”. [1]
[edit] Two levels of marketing
Strategic marketing attempts to determine how an organization competes against its competitors in a market place. In particular, it aims at generating a competitive advantage relative to its competitors.
Operational marketing executes marketing functions to attract and keep customers and to maximize the value derived for them, as well as to satisfy the customer with prompt services and meeting the customer expectations. Operational Marketing includes the determination of the porter's five forces
Four Ps
In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a “Marketing Mix”. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, also at the Harvard Business School in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements: proct, price, place and promotion.
In popular usage, "marketing" is the promotion of procts, especially advertising and branding. However, in professional usage the term has a wider meaning which recognizes that marketing is customer-centered. Procts are often developed to meet the desires of groups of customers or even, in some cases, for specific customers. E. Jerome McCarthy divided marketing into four general sets of activities. His typology has become so universally recognized that his four activity sets, the Four Ps, have passed into the language.
The four Ps are:
Proct: The proct aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants. The scope of a proct generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support.
Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a proct, including discounts. The price need not be monetary - it can simply be what is exchanged for the proct or services, e.g. time, energy, psychology or attention.
Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling, branding and refers to the various methods of promoting the proct, brand, or company.
Placement (or distribution): refers to how the proct gets to the customer; for example, point of sale placement or retailing. This fourth P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a proct or services is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or instry, to which segment (young alts, families, business people), etc.
字数超限
❸ 求一篇 旅游市场营销的英文文献 高分
1.Phillip. Kotler: "Marketing Management", Shanghai People's Publishing House 2003
2. Ji: "Marketing Guide", published by Renmin University of China, 1989
3. Michael. Porter: "competitive advantage", Huaxia Publishing House 2001
4. Hoang steel made: "Marketing", the Shanghai Financial Publishing 2003
5. Tai Wang: "Marketing in China", Guangzhou Publishing House, 2001 Edition
6. Lan Ling, editor-in-chief "of Marketing", the Central Radio and Television University Press
7. Wu and: "Marketing", Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Publishing House 2002
8.song xiaomin: "marketing case examples and analysis," Wuhan University Press, 1992
9.qu yunbo: "marketing strategy planning," China Business Press, 1994
10. Mr Chan Kin-ping, such as: "Planning and design planning book" The Chinese People's University Press .2002
11. Li: "planning Wang," Capital University of Economics Press, 1997
12.kotler ,Armstrong Principles of Marketing (9th ed),prentice-Hall,inc,2001
13. Philip Kotler Marketing Management (10th ed), prentice-Hall,inc,2000
14. Payne,A.chritopher,M.and Peck,H.(1998)Relationship Mketing For
Competitive.Oxford,CIM/Butterworth-Heinemaan.
15. Perreault,McCarthy.Basic Marketing (12th ed),Richard D Irwin 1996
16. Warren J.Keegan.Global Marketing Management (5th ed) prentice-Hall,inc,1995
17. Valued Prct Attributes in an Emerging Market-A Comparison Between French and Malaysian Consumers
18. Executive Insights-Global Marketing Management-at the Dawn of the New Millennium
19. Global standardization as a success formula for marketing in central eastern Europe
20. Heterogeneity of regional trading blocs and global marketing strategies
21.
22. Lessons for pan-European marketing
1.Phillip 。科特勒: “营销管理” ,上海人民出版社2003年
2 。姬: “市场营销指南” ,出版了中国人民大学, 1989年
3 。迈克尔。波特: “竞争优势” ,华夏出版社2001年
4 。黄钢: “市场营销” ,上海财经出版社2003年
5 。邰洼嗯: “市场营销在中国” ,广州出版社, 2001年版
6 。兰陵,主编“市场营销” ,中央广播电视大学出版社
7 。吴: “市场营销” ,上海财经大学出版社2002年
8.song筱敏: “市场营销案例分析” ,武汉大学出版社, 1992
9.qu云波: “营销战略规划, ”中国商务出版社, 1994年
10 。陈建平,如: “规划和设计规划出版的”中国人民大学出版社0.2002
11 。李: “规划王, ”资本经济大学出版社, 1997年
12.kotler ,阿姆斯特朗市场营销原理(第9版) ,普伦蒂斯大厅,公司, 2001年
13 。菲利普科特勒营销管理(第10版) ,普伦蒂斯大厅,公司, 2000年
14 。佩恩, A.chritopher , M.and派克阁下( 1998年)的关系Mketing
Competitive.Oxford ,计算机集成制造/布特沃斯- Heinemaan 。
15 。 Perreault , McCarthy.Basic营销(第12版) , 1996年理查德欧文
16 。沃伦J.Keegan.Global营销管理(第5版)普伦蒂斯大厅,公司, 1995年
17 。策划的价值属性的新兴市场,比较法国和马来西亚的消费者
18 。执行Insights的全球市场营销管理,在新千年来临之际
19 。全球标准化是一个成功的公式营销中东欧
20 。异质性的区域贸易集团和全球市场营销战略
21 。
22 。教训泛欧市场
❹ 市场营销英文文献翻译成中文3000字
一、服务营销。
现代经济发展的一个显著特征是服务业的蓬勃发展,其在国民经济中的地位愈来愈重要,服务营销的重要性日益突出,中国已经加入WTO ,外资企业纷纷抢滩中国,中外服务市场营销大战将出现白热化的态势。现实经济生活中的服务可以区分为两大类。一种是服务产品,产品为顾客创造和提供的核心利益主要来自无形的服务。另一种是功能服务,产品的核心利益主要来自形成的成分,无形的服务只是满足顾客的非主要需求。贝瑞认为,在产品的核心利益来源中,有形的成分比无形的成分要多,那么这个产品就可以看作是一种“商品”(有形产品) ;如果无形的成分比有形的成分要多,那么这个产品就可以看作是一种“服务”。与服务的这种区分相一致,服务营销的研究形成了两大领域,即服务产品的营销和顾客服务营销。服务产品营销的本质是研究如何促进作为产品的服务的交换;顾客服务营销的本质则是研究如何利用服务作为一种营销工具促进有形产品的交换。但是,无论是服务产品营销,还是顾客服务营销,服务营销的核心理念都是顾客满意和顾客忠诚,通过取得顾客的满意和忠诚来促进相互有利的交换,最终实现营销绩效的改进和企业的长期成长。
First, services marketing.
Modern economic development is characterized by a significant service instry booming national economy, the status of its growing importance of services marketing highlights the growing importance of China has joined WTO, foreign companies have to seize the Chinese, and foreign services, marketing war will appear white-hot trend. Economic life of service can be divided into two categories. One is service procts, proct creation and delivery for customers mainly from the core interests of intangible services. The other is the function of services, procts, mainly from the formation of the core interests of the ingredients, invisible only to meet customer service needs of non-major. Berry think that the source of the proct's core interests, the tangible and intangible elements of composition to be more than that, then the proct can be seen as a "commodity" (tangible procts); if intangible components of tangible elements to more than that, then the proct can be seen as a "service." And services consistent with this distinction, service marketing research formed the two major areas, namely services, procts, marketing and customer service marketing. Service is the essence of proct marketing, how to promote the exchange of proct services; customer service is of the essence of marketing, how to use the services as a marketing tool to promote the exchange of tangible procts. However, both services proct marketing, or customer service, marketing, service marketing is the core concept of customer satisfaction and loyalty, and by obtaining customer satisfaction and loyalty to the promotion of mutually beneficial exchange, and ultimately sales performance improvement and long-term business growth.
二、网络营销。
互联网络是一种利用通讯线路,将全球电脑纳入国际联网的信息传送系统必将是未来市场营销最重要的渠道。网络营销的特性包括;可24 小时随时随地地提供全球性营销服务;电脑可储存大量的信息,代消费者查询,可传送的信息数量与精确度,远超过其他媒体;能因应市场需求,及时更新产品或调整价格;减少印刷与邮递成本;且无店面租金,节约水电与人工成本;可避免推销员强势推销的干扰;可经由信息提供与互动交谈,与消费者建立长期良好的关系。互联网络是一种功能最强大的营销工具,它同时兼具渠道、促销、电子交易、互动顾客服务以及市场信息分析与提供的多种功能。
它以声光互动沟通的特质,作为跨越时空的媒体,已深深吸引年青一代人的眼光。此外,它所具备的一对一营销能力,正是符合[ 分众营销]与[ 直效营销]的未来趋势。 网络营销可视为一种新兴的营销渠道,它并非一定要取代传统的渠道,而是经由信息科技发展,来创新与重组营销渠道。但不可否认的是,网络营销必然会给传统营销造成冲击,因此商业界必须要注意这种趋势,并与软件产业作密切的联系与合作。以广告业为例,在最新媒体时代,销售是从开始到完成的一贯作业,就是说由吸引注意、引发兴趣、造成购买欲、进行采购,一气而成,而广告公司将参与营销的全程。商业企业也有必要改变传统的组织形态,提升新媒体部门的功能,引进兼具营销素养与电脑科技的人才,未来才能具备市场的竞争优势。
Second, network marketing.
Use of the Internet is a communication line, into the international network of global computer information delivery system will be the next most important channel for marketing. Internet Marketing features include; can provide anytime, anywhere 24 hours of global marketing services; computer can store large amounts of information, on behalf of consumer inquiries, the amount of information transmitted and accuracy, far more than other media; to meet market demands in a timely manner Update proct or price adjustments; rece printing and mailing costs; and no store rent, saving water and labor costs; can avoid the interference of a salesman selling strong; can talk through the provision of information and interaction with consumers long-term good relations. Internet is the most powerful marketing tool, it also combines Qu, marketing, electronic transactions, interactive customer service and market information analysis and delivery of a variety of functions.
It features sound and light interactive communication, as of time, the media, who have been attracted to the eyes of the younger generation. In addition, it has a one to one marketing capabilities, it is consistent with [Focus marketing] and [direct marketing] future trend.
Internet marketing can be considered as an emerging marketing channels, it is not necessarily to replace the traditional channels, but through the development of information technology to innovation and re-marketing channels. But it is undeniable that online marketing is bound to impact traditional marketing, so the business community must pay attention to this trend, and with the software instry for close contact and cooperation. Advertising instry as an example, in the latest media age, sales are consistent from start to finish operation, that is attracting attention from the triggered interest, resulting in purchases, procurement, these cities become, and advertising companies will participate in the marketing of the whole. Commercial enterprises also need to change the traditional organizational forms, to enhance the functions of the new media sector, the introction of both quality and marketing personnel in computer technology, the future can have the market's competitive advantage.
三、绿色营销。
所谓“绿色营销”,是指社会和企业在充分意识到消费者日益提高的环保意识和由此产生的对清洁型无公害产品需要的基础上,发现、创造并选择市场机会,通过一系列理性化的营销手段来满足消费者以及社会生态环境发展的需要,实现可持续发展的过程。绿色营销的核心是按照环保与生态原则来选择和确定营销组合的策略,是建立在绿色技术、绿色市场和绿色经济基础上的、对人类的生态关注给予回应的一种经营方式。目前,西方发达国家对于绿色产品的需求非常广泛,而发展中国家由于资金和消费导向上和消费质量等原因,还无法真正实现对所有消费需求的绿化。以我国为例,目前只能对部分食品、家电产品、通讯产品等进行部分绿化;而发达国家已经通过各种途径和手段,包括立法等,来推行和实现全部产品的绿色消费。从而培养了极为广泛的市场需求基础,为绿色营销活动的开展打下了坚实的根基。以绿色食品为例,英国、德国绿色食品的需求完全不能自给,英国每年要进口该食品消费总量的80% ,德国则高达98%。这表明,绿色产品的市场潜力非常巨大,市场需求非常广泛。
绿色营销只是适应二十一世纪的消费需求而产生的一种新型营销理念,也就是说,绿色营销还不可能脱离原有的营销理论基础。因此,绿色营销模式的制定和方案的选择及相关资源的整合还无法也不能脱离原有的营销理论基础,可以说绿色营销是在人们追求健康、安全、环保的意识形态下所发展起来的新的营销方式和方法。现代企业只有树立起一种全新的可持续发展营销的经营理念,努力开展绿色营销,开发绿色产品,进行绿色生产,才能和可持续发展潮流相适应。同时,企业还可进一步“导向消费者”,促成可持续消费模式的全面建立和实现,承担起促进社会发展和生态环境发展的责任和义务,使企业的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益相统一。
Third, green marketing.
The so-called "green marketing" refers to the social and enterprises are fully aware of the increasing environmental awareness of consumers and the resulting need for clean-based pollution-free procts based on the discovery, creation and select market opportunities, through a series of rational means of marketing to meet consumer and community development needs of the ecological environment and realize sustainable development process. Green Marketing is the core ecological principles in accordance with environmental protection and to select and determine the marketing mix strategy is based on green technology, green markets and green based on economic, ecological concerns for the human response to a mode of operation. Some developed countries the demand for green procts is very extensive, but developing countries as capital and consumer orientation, quality and consumer reasons, it can not really achieve the greening of all consumer demand. Taiwan for instance, currently only some food, home appliances, communication procts, part-green; while developed countries have adopted a variety of ways and means, including legislation, etc., Lai Tuixing and the achievement of all procts Di green consumption. Thus having a very broad basis of market demand for green marketing activities have laid a solid foundation. To green, for example, the United Kingdom, Germany, the demand for green food can not self-sufficient, the United Kingdom every year, the import of 80% of the total food consumption in Germany is as high as 98%. This indicates that the market potential for green procts is very large, very wide market demand.
Green marketing is the twenty-first century consumer demand resulting from a novel marketing idea, that is, green marketing, marketing is also not out of the original theory. Therefore, the development of green marketing model and program selection and integration of related resources can not can not be severed from the original basis of marketing theory can be said that green marketing is the pursuit of health, safety, environmental protection, developed under the ideology of the new ways and means of marketing. Establish a modern enterprise is only a new marketing philosophy of sustainable development, make efforts to green marketing, the development of green procts for green proction, and sustainable development to adapt to the trend. At the same time, enterprises can further "consumer oriented", to promote sustainable consumption patterns of the full development and realization of their obligation to promote social development and ecological development of the responsibilities and obligations, so that their economic, social and environmental benefits .
❺ 市场营销毕业论文外文文献
毕业论文外文文献下载网址
转自: 时间:2006年5月16日10:15
http://www.cenet.org.cn
http://bbs.cenet.org.cn/
http://www.nber.org/
http://cepa.newschool.e/het/home.htm
谈谈如何在jstor、sciencedirect等收费网站之外找论文。
目前绝大多数论文在网上是以pdf或者ps文件形式存在,也有少量的doc文件,google的长处就是如果上述文件不是用扫描图片转换而来,那么google能够搜索上述文件内的东西,这样,google是搜索论文的最佳工具。
一、关键词:
1、直接输入文章篇名,两边都加上引号,引号不加的话会有很多噪声。这样的关键词定位目标是直接找到该论文。
2、直接输入作者姓名,最好是first name 和last name都加,如果是几个作者合作的,那么分次搜索。这样搜索的目的是找到作者的主页,希望在作者主页上找到论文。现在的很多作者喜欢把自己的论文放在网上,尤其是近年完成的论文,虽然大多数是放working paper,但是一些作者乐意把已发表的文章放在主页上。
二、论文的主要存放地:
上面已经提到过,免费下载论文的一个来源是作者的主页,但是,以我自己的搜索经历看,最重要的来源是所谓的syllabus或者reading list,有些老师在向学生提供课程大纲时,出于对学生的体谅,把指定的论文放在了课程的主页上,所以,一旦你的搜索指向了一个syllabus或者reading list,你应该过去看看哪里有没有链接,把你鼠标的“手”放在链接上,看看浏览器状态栏显示的链接指向,如果是与主页拥有人地址类似的(注意,一些老师是把链接指向jstor的,等于没有用),bingo!
用这种方法搜索往往很累的,因为可能你看了10个搜索结果,却一无所获,但是,好处是,如果你找到了一篇,往往意味着你找到了一大群,而且是与你目标论文相关的一大群!即使是一无所获,你也找到了目标论文的相关阅读书目。
一旦你在某个人的主页上的syllabus或者reading list可以下载他人的已发表论文,那么你还应该上一层,看看该老师的其他课程,理由是,如果一个人做了善事,完全有理由相信他会继续做善事,他也会在他讲授的其他课程的syllabus中提供下载!
三、其他
很难说是先搜索篇名好还是先搜索作者好,我的做法是,先输入文章名,如果文章名太短或者太常见,那么再加上作者的姓,以剔除不必要的结果。查看2-3页的结果,如果没有,转入搜索作者主页,如果还是没有,再回到篇名,查看剩余的搜索结果。现在的google的cache功能给屏蔽了,带来了一些效率损失,但总比以前封锁好。
实例1:前两天有网友寻找:Jeremy Greenwood, Boyan Jovanovic,Financial Development, Growth, and The Distribution of Income
在google上搜索“Financial Development, Growth, and The Distribution of Income”,别忘了加引号,看了两页的搜索结果,没有。转变策略,搜索Jeremy Greenwood,第一项就是他的主页,在主页上就有这篇论文。
实例2:假定要搜索Kydland,Prescott,"Rules rather than discretion: The inconsistency of optimal plans", JPE,Vol.87
在google上输入"Rules rather than discretion: The inconsistency of optimal plans",他的第5个结果是:
ECONOMICS 541
... (b) Sustainable Plans and Mutual Default, by Chari and Kehoe. (c) Rules Rather
than Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans, by Kydland and Prescott. ...
www.courses.rochester.e/caucutt/ECO541/ - 8k - 网页快照 - 类似网页
“ECONOMICS 541”及其后面的文字表明这是一个课程大纲,进入一看,^_^,收获不小吧?!
也许,你还觉得不过瘾或者很空闲,浏览器显示的链接是 http://www.courses.rochester.e/caucutt/ECO541/,用退格键把后面的几个字删了,变成 http://www.courses.rochester.e/caucutt/,进入,显示还有几个课程,你可以进去看看,不过油水不大了。
一件趣事:一次,google显示有目标论文的pdf文档存在,而且我也通过google的链接打开了,可是那个html页面上就是没有任何链接,我无意中采用flashget下载全部链接,才发现作者把链接都做在了句号上,很不起眼,呵呵,智力大挑战。
http://ocw.mit.e/index.html
http://ideas.repec.org
.英美常用经济网站
1、《金融时报》 http://news.ft.com/home/rw
2、《商业周刊》 http://news.ft.com/home/rw
3、《财富》 http://www.fortune.com/fortune
4、《远东经济评论》 http://www.feer.com
5、《福布斯》 http://www.forbes.com
6、哥伦比亚广播公司《市场观察》 http://cbs.marketwatch.com/news/default.asp?siteid=mktw
7、《街》 http://www.thestreet.com/
8. 英国《经济学家》 http://www.economist.com
9. 《华尔街日报》评论 http://www.opinionjournal.com
10大经济类网站!
1. http://www.cfinance.com.cn 中财精品屋
2. http://www.pinggu.org/bbs/index.asp 人大经济论坛
3. http://www.emkt.com.cn 中国营销传播网
4. http://www.sino-manager.com/ 中国经理人网站
5. http://www.harment.com/newframe.htm 哈佛企业管理网
6. http://www.project.net.cn/ 中国项目管理网
7. http://www.ceocio.com.cn/ IT经理人
8. http://www.cenet.org.cn 中国经济学教育科研网
9. http://www.vcmc.net/forum/ 中华管理论坛
10. http://ccer.pku.e.cn/cn/ 中国经济研究中心
http://econ161.Berkeley.EDU/
Bradford DeLong at UC Berkeley
http://www.wws.princeton.e/~pkrugman/
Paul Krugman at Princeton
http://gsb.uchicago.e/fac/richard.thaler/
Richard Thaler at Chicago
http://www.stanford.e/~rehall/
Robert Hall at Stanford
http://econwpa.wustl.e:80/~barnett/
William Barnet at Washington U.
www.gmu.e/library/specialcollections/warfield.htm
http://sm.cumt.e.cn/Complex/index.htm
国外经济学站点参考工具
世界各大学经济学系
Academic Economics Departments
http://castle.uvic.ca/econ/depts.html
包括美国和非美国的。按国家、学校排列。
美国经济协会会员名录
American Economic Association Directory of Members
http://www.eco.utexas.e/AEA/
该站点收录了1999、1997、1993年三次调查的数据。可以输入检索词(关键词或人名)分别检索。提供了这些会员的姓名、单位、地址、电话等内容。
Amos世界经济词汇表(俄克拉荷马州立大学)
AmosWorld Economic Glossary (Oklahoma State University)
http://amos.bus.okstate.e/glossary/
由俄克拉荷马州立大学大学经济学教授Orley Amos博士制作的经济学词汇表。方便易用,可检索。
反托拉斯政策
Antitrust Policy
http://www.antitrust.org/
大学和几个商业公司建立的巨大站点。提供了大量经济研究的站点链接。可以检索或按主题浏览。主要类目包括:兼并、价格固定等。
英国政治和经济科学图书馆
British Library of Political & Economic Science
http://www.lse.ac.uk/blpes/
英国政治经济图书馆建于1896年,是伦敦经济学院的工作图书馆。它藏有大量经济学资料。该站点收集了该馆的书目、电子文献以及指向其它检索工具和图书馆的链接。
工商管理学院网络
BSCHOOLWeb
http://www.SSRN.Com/BSCHOOL/
有最好的工商管理学院、工商管理学院指南等信息。该站点的目标是要建成一个收录全世界工商管理学院的网址。
商业参考
Business Reference (Tex-Share)
http://www.texshare.e/
德克萨斯大学关于经济学和商业的参考资源,组织得很好。按主题排列。
《商业周刊》商学院排行榜
Business School Rankings (Business Week)
http://www.businessweek.com/tocs/bschools.htm
这是《商业周刊》杂志提供的年度全美最好的商学院排行榜的联机版。包括最好的MBA学院、200余个MBA信息检索,此外,还可以在这些最好的学校中选择4所,系统将就各学校的基本情况、入学、就业等信息进行比较。
经济文献数据库
Econbase
http://www.elsevier.nl/econbase
这是一个交互式数据库,可以检索33个Elsevier/Northan Holland出版的经济期刊上最近发表的论文的信息。数据从94年1月开始。每年大约更新2000篇论文。
Internet经济学资源(Nijenrode大学)
Economics internet resources(Nijenrode University)
http://www.library.nijenrode.nl/nbr/200/200-240.html
这是荷兰Nijenrode大学图书馆建立的一个站点,它提供了大量经济学站点的链接。主要分为:经济计量学、经济理论、农业、发展中国家、发展组织、可持续发展、亚洲、欧洲、国际货币基金组织、国际贸易、宏观经济模型、经济思想史等大类。
美、加能够授予博士学位的大学
Economics Departments with Ph.D. Programs in American and Canadian Universities
http://www.albany.e/econ/eco_phds.html
该站点提供了美国、加拿大经济学博士授予学院的链接。根据《Peterson's Graate Programs in the Humanities, Arts & Social Sciences, 1999》内容提供的。
世界上的经济学系、研究所和研究中心
Economics Departments, Institutes and Research Centers in the World(EDIRC)
http://netec.mcc.ac.uk/EDIRC/
该站点提供了178个国家和地区的4161个经济学系、研究所和研究中心,经济学学会和协会,以及财政部门、统计部门、中心银行及非赢利机构的链接。按国家、地区排列。
经济学期刊
Economics Journals
http://www.helsinki.fi/WebEc/journals.html
上面有200余种经济学期刊的网址,是一个非常有用的页面。每年4月、八月、十二月更新。
经济学资源(社科信息网关SOSIG)
Economics Resources (Social Science Information Gateway)
http://www.sosig.ac.uk/roads/subject-listing/World-cat/econ.html
这是一个大型的资源指南,是英国和欧洲的几个研究机构建立的社会科学信息网关的一部分。包含了很多经济学和相关资源的链接。主要类目如下:商业与贸易发展研究;财政、劳动与工业关系、政治经济学等。
经济学资源列表(大学)
Economics Resources Table of Contents(Rutgers University)
http://www.libraries.rutgers.e/rulib/socsci/econ/econ.html
该站点收录了Rutgers大学图书馆收集的大量Internet网上的经济学站点的链接。分为一般信息;电子数据、期刊文档和索引;资源指南;其它经济学和相关的Internet资源。每个大类下又分若干小类,小类下按站点名称的字母顺序排列。
经济学单一主题WWW页面
Economics Single Subject WWW Pages
http://ideas.uqam.ca/QMRBC/others.html
该站点收录了几十个经济学某一领域的专门站点的链接,按站点名称字顺排列。其中的每一个链接又收录了很多该领域经济学研究的站点。
《经济学家》
Economist
http://www.economist.com/
可以看到《经济学家》杂志上的部分文章,特色栏目《本周商业(Business this Week)》值得一看。全文检索(可回溯到1995年)和其它服务需要注册。
Web上的经济学家
Economists on the Web
http://eclab.ch.pdx.e/ecwww
这里搜集了全世界很多经济学家的个人主页地址,是了解经济学家的成果、与经济学家交流的好去处
❻ 有谁知道关于市场营销渠道研究的一些外文文献求助!提供一些吧。
[1] 菲利普•科特勒, 郭碧翔. 市场营销的产生与发展[J]. 商业研究, 1985,(02)
[2] 雒永信. 搞好市场营销 促进经济发展[J]. 彭城职业大学学报, 1996,(04)
[3] 范丽亚. 如何强化市场营销[J]. 现代金融, 2004,(02)
[4] 张庆胜. 论市场营销中的亮点广告[J]. 金融与经济, 2005,(04)
[5] 叶文琴. 要区分广义推销和狭义推销[J]. 公关世界, 1996,(10)
[6] 周静. 说说市场营销与推销[J]. 新农业, 2001,(05)
[7] 奚中利. 浅议对市场营销的再认识[J]. 新疆金融, 2005,(03)
[8] 王利. [市场营销知识讲座二] 对市场营销的理解[J]. 改革与理论, 1996,(03)
[9] 连朝勃. 市场营销新观念[J]. 农机质量与监督, 1998,(01)
[10] 张明毅. 关于市场营销工作的几点思考[J]. 煤炭经济研究, 1999,(01)
[1] 罗国民. 中国市场营销发展趋势探索[J]. 南开管理评论, 2000,(02) .
[2] 苏文浩,潘城文,黄金铝,张敏. 中国市场营销理论发展的趋势探讨及其前瞻性分析[J]. 和田师范专科学校学报, 2006,(06) .
[3] 温凤雷. 市场营销发展新趋势探索[J]. 中国科技信息, 2005,(03) .
[4] 陈巍. 市场营销发展新趋势[J]. 市场研究, 2007,(09) .
[5] 孙巧霞. 市场营销的发展趋势[J]. 中国有色金属, 2006,(07) .
[6] 杨淑红. 浅析我国市场营销的现状及发展趋势[J]. 科技资讯, 2007,(12) .
[7] 肖创林. 浅谈市场营销的发展趋势[J]. 科技经济市场, 2006,(10) .
[8]市场营销十大趋势[J]. 农化新世纪, 2007,(03) .
[9] 白素杰,郭鹏. 浅谈新经济时代的五大营销理念[J]. 经济师, 2004,(11) .
[10] 郭小鹏. 新经济时代市场营销发展新趋势[J]. 现代焊接, 2007,(10) .
❼ 市场营销教学中理论与实践的结合
市场营销教学中理论与实践的结合
随着社会的不断发展和进步,高校的教学模式也随之进行着不断的改革和进步。那么,市场营销教学中如何做到理论与实践相结合呢?
摘要:通过分析市场营销专业目前的教学现状,阐述了理论和实践一体化教学模式的特点,分析了理论和实践一体化教学模式的实施方法和需要注意的问题。通过分析研究,最后得出的结论是教师在教学过程中,必须要将理论和实践结合在一起,让两者充分结合起来,促进社会对应用型人才的培养。
关键词:高校;市场营销;理论;实践;探析
从当前市场营销专业的特点和培养目标来看,这门学科具有非常专业的实践性,而传统的教学往往只关注学生对于理论知识的学习,忽略了专业的实践性。营销大师菲利普•科特勒在他的《营销管理》中,将自己亲自参加企业实践的经验与其丰富的理论知识结合在一起,强调了在学习这门课程的时候,一定要将理论和实践相结合,这样才能提高学习效率。实践证明,高校教师在市场营销这门课程的教学中,只有采取理论与实践一体化的教学模式,才能更符合这门学科的特点,更有利于教学目标的最终实现,进而为社会培养一批有针对此专业的应用型人才。
一、市场营销教学现状
(一)市场营销教学模式和考核方法有待提高和改善
在市场营销教学中,传统的教学方式很难调动学生学习的兴趣。一般情况下,教师在课堂上滔滔不绝的讲解,学生则在做其他事情,这样的教学方式不利于提高教学效果。如果不及时改变“重理论、轻实践”的教学思想,依然会使这门学科的教学效果无法得到提高,更不可能让学生对这门课程在以后的社会中学以致用[1]。另外,对于比较稳定的教学体系和考核方式,也不允许教师灵活处理课堂教学内容。一般情况下,学生的学习成绩主要是通过平时的课堂表现、上课出勤率等方式进行考量,然而这种考核方式只是对学生在学习的过程中的一种参与方式的考量,因此导致部分学生在课堂上不认真听课或平时不怎么上课,但又希望自己期末可以考出高分的现象出现。
(二)缺少对于人才市场和学生就业能力的调查分析
随着我国科学经济的不断发展以及改革开放的不断深入,需要进一步提高对市场营销人才的认识。市场营销专业的人才是我国各个企业,尤其是一些大型企业中不可或缺的人才之一。但事实证明,目前市场营销专业人才的就业前景不是很乐观,而且有一些学生在毕业后直接从事其他工作,并不想从事与自己专业对口的工作,原因是企业需要多功能型、复合型人才。但企业对于在外招聘营销专业的大学生,更倾向于通过内部培训选拔。在企业内部选择的好处是,其不仅了解企业的内部情况,而且熟悉业务的操作流程。近几年电子商务和网络经济的不断发展,对市场营销专业的人才提出了更高的要求。但是目前的市场营销专业教材和教学方法都比较落后,并不适合培养更专业的人才。所以从这种“适销不对路”的情况来看,在培养学生的市场营销专业过程中,不仅方式存在问题,而且也缺少实用性和系统性,更缺少对市场营销专业人才市场需求的深入分析,因此,严重影响了对学生就业能力的分析。即所谓的“需求”与真正需要的“产品”无法保证相等[2]。
(三)教师需要不断提升实践经验和完善教学体系
目前,在新版分类的教材中,通过联合国教科文组织对三种类型的标准进行了详细的说明,但是由于企业需要应用型人才,因此,教师必须要对专业知识进行学习。这也对教师的从业资格提出了更高的标准化要求,譬如:美国就严格要求教师必须具有教师资格证书和丰富的.实践经验,对于所有教授的科目,最少也需要有一年以上的工作经验或者在合适的技术领域要有5年以上的实践经验。所以,从我国目前情况来看,如果想要完善教学体系和教师的实践教学能力,实现培养专业应用型人才这一终极目标,我们还需要做出更多的努力。
二、在市场营销课程教学中“理论”脱离“实践”的原因分析
(一)市场营销教学人员自身存在的问题
目前,市场营销学存在严重的理论和实践相脱节的问题,其最根本的原因在于教师。我国大多数从事这方面教学的教师基本上都是从学校直接走向学校,并没有从事过市场营销方面的实践活动,更没有丰富的企业一线从业经验,因而没有解决实际问题的能力。这就导致教师在教学的过程中,只是一味地去讲理论知识,很难将理论知识与企业的营销实践有效结合。教师自己的这种现状直接导致他们即使在课堂教授理论知识也很难让学生了解得很透彻和深入[3]。所以,教师要想成功地教会学生,就必须要先武装好自己。具体原因如下:其一,由于教师在实际的工作中并没有太多的工作经验直接导致教学中的理论和实践相脱节;其二,由于各种原因,高校教师在研究工作中,会更多地把精力投入到理论知识的研究。由于教师在科研写作时,并没有投入过多的精力去关注问题和解决问题,只专注于自己发表论文的数量。因此,更不会考虑到我国企业营销实践的现状及解决策略。
(二)市场营销课程的教学模式比较落后
在市场营销这门课程的教学中,教师向学生一味地灌输理论知识,这种教学模式亟需改善。加之市场营销学又是一门应用性较强的科目,在教学过程中,教师只是采用传统的教学模式对学生进行教学,而且也是以教材为中心,教师在教的过程中,学生在学的过程中,教学方法和学习方法都不是很合适。传统的教学方法就是教师一字一句地简述理论知识,虽然看起来比较清晰系统,但学生在上完这门课程之后,根本就记不住多少内容,也没有对知识进行消化和吸收,更不能体现其掌握了多少这门专业的技能。所以,要改善理论和实践脱节的这种现状,需要教师不断地努力和探索,创新改革教学方式方法[4]。
三、市场营销课堂教学中“理论”与“实践”结合的策略
(一)不断提高师资队伍素质
1.需要不断地鼓励教师多多参与企业营销实践活动。
在美国的高校中,大多数教授都有在企业里兼职过营销类工作这方面的经历,或者去咨询公司工作,或者自己创办公司。例如:营销大师菲利普•科特勒在美国好多公司都做过营销顾问。这样,他一方面将理论知识应用于实践,另一方面,也可以从实践中吸取一些丰富的内容来发展理论知识。所以,他的理论知识也一直紧跟时代前沿。自从他的《营销管理》初次出版之后,他又紧跟当时的经济形势对其做出调整修订,当第12版在2006年问世之后,他将自己形容为“换挡最娴熟的驾车手”,这都是由于他本人从事了大量、丰富的市场营销活动才得出的结论[5]。由于我国目前从事市场营销的教育工作者都是在研究理论并且是理论的形式,并没有实践工作的经验,对于企业具体营销实战的认识,都是在事后从不同的渠道获得的,所以教师自己一直处于落后的状态。因此,我们应该鼓励教师多多参与企业的营销实践活动,将理论和实践相融合,这样教学才能既生动、形象,又比较深入透彻。
2.高校管理层应该支持教师从事市场营销实践活动。
虽然大家都知道实践工作经验对于市场营销学教师的重要性,但是,目前我们要做到这一点比较困难。其原因在于教师自身力量比较有限,还需要学生管理层的支持。目前高校对于教师的考核都是对工作量的考核,使教师无法从教务工作中抽出时间到企业中去实践。所以高校应该制定相关的制度,以此来改变教师的这种考核方式[6]。
(二)不断创新和改革市场营销教学模式
教学模式的选择和应用对教学质量的提高来说是一个非常重要的问题,以下几种教学方法对市场营销教学可以起到一定的促进作用。
1.案例教学法。
案例教学法是指在教师指导下,学生主动参与并利用所学的理论知识,对案例进行学习、思考、分析、研究等,提出自己的个人见解和对策。案例教学法不仅可以加深学生对知识的理解,还可以调动学生学习的主动性,提高解决实际问题的能力,进而激发学生的创造力。虽然目前许多教师在课堂上运用了案例教学法,而且讲得也比较生动活泼,但却没有提高学生分析和解决问题的能力,这就说明案例教学法并没有得到正确的运用。案例教学法的最终目的是为了可以将理论知识融合到案例中,让学生在掌握理论知识的过程中,提高其运用理论解决实际问题的能力。实际上,案例教学对于教师和学生都有很高的要求。其一,教师在选择案例的过程中,一定要选择合适的教学案例,这样才能有针对性地去讲解,进而提高教学质量。案例教学应该建立在理论教学的基础之上,以便发挥其“以案论理”的优势。其二,学生在学习的过程中,也应该积极配合和主动参与进去,而不再是传统教学中认真听讲、认真记笔记的状态。
2.模拟教学法。
模拟教学法包含情景模式、角色模拟、内容模拟等,是为了培养和提高学生实际操作能力的一种实践教学方式。这种教学方式可以将市场营销中的理论和实务通过提前准备好的背景材料、数学模型等,让学生亲身体验操作和进行演练。譬如:在日常生活中常见的商品促销,我们可以针对某一特定的商品,让学生自己去设计对该产品的定位诉求,并让其他学生对诉求对象这样的方式进行模拟操作。这种情景创设的模拟演练,可以让学生身临其境,进而激发学生学习兴趣,提高实践能力。
四、结语
随着社会的不断发展和进步,高校的教学模式也随之进行着不断的改革和进步。在高校市场营销这门科目的教学中,只有理论和实践一体化的教学模式,才符合这门科目的教学特点。我们只有将理论和实践相结合,才能对培养社会所需要的应用型人才起到一定的促进作用。虽然现在还存在一些问题,但是如果在高校中实施这种教学模式,不仅可以提高学生的整体素质,也可以提高学生的就业能力和应用技能。同时,教师在教学过程中,应该不断地更新自身的理论知识,不断地提高学生的实践能力,进而在教学过程中形成一个良好的循环系统。
参考文献:
[1]班然,岳慧.论析市场营销理论教学与实践教学的结合[J].科教导刊,2013(4):154-155.
[2]徐秀玲.中职市场营销理论与实践一体化教学探析[J].科学大众(科学教育),2013(3):122.
[3]侯岩,刘大为,刘忠敏,等.市场营销专业理论与实践一体化教学模式研究[J].赤峰学院学报(自然科学版),2015(16):266-268.
[4]李耀.市场营销双语教学:理论与实践[J].市场论坛,2013(6):95-96.
[5]王敬娣.如何处理市场营销理论与实践的关系[J].新课程学习(学术教育),2010(8):143.
[6]杨君茹,张新国.高校市场营销教学中“理论”与“实践”的结合探析[A].全国高校商务管理研究会第22次年会论文集[C].承德:全国高校商务管理研究会,2007:2-7.
❽ 市场营销毕业论文参考文献
市场营销毕业论文参考文献汇总
充实的大学生活即将结束,毕业论文是每个大学生都必须通过的,毕业论文是一种有计划的、比较正规的检验学生学习成果的形式,那要怎么写好毕业论文呢?下面是我精心整理的市场营销毕业论文参考文献汇总,欢迎阅读与收藏。
1. 胡继承,市场营销与策划,科学出版社,2003
2. 甘碧群,市场营销学,武汉大学出版社,2004.7.1
3. 胡德华,市场营销经典案例与解读,电子工业出版社,2005.8.1
4. 市场营销学模拟试卷编写组,《市场营销学》考试指导与模拟试卷,北京大学出版社,2004.2.1
5. 侯贵生,市场营销综合实训教程,重庆大学出版社,2005.9.1
6. 盛敏、元明顺、刘艳玲,marketing市场营销学案例,清华大学出版社,2005.9.1
7. 国际金融公司中国项目中心开发组,市场营销概论,上海科学技术出版社,2003.9.1
8. 文腊梅、冯和平、江劲松,市场营销实务,湖南大学出版社,2005.7.1
9. 林长富,市场营销原理,机械工业出版社,2005.7.1
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;❾ zara的市场营销策略的英文文献
这些都是国外网站上的,没有中文翻译的,看不懂的话试试翻译器,查查字典什么的,我要是给你翻译怕误导你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men’s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: “I don’t know. I’ve never shopped at The Gap.”
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara’s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara’s Marketing Strategy
Zara’s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what’s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara’s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
“These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,” said Zara’s Toronto store manager. “They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.”
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store’s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara’s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, “That would look really nice with a cowl collar,” an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970’s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara’s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
“We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That’s why our customers come in often,” the Toronto store manager said. “We might get ten of one item and five of another. We’re constantly testing.”
The density of Zara’s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara’s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara’s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara’s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex’s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world’s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara’s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara’s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara’s current business model.
Zara’s Business Model
Zara’s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara’s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara’s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is