㈠ 电子商务英文文献
Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, consists of the buying and selling of procts or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade concted electronically has grown extraordinarily since the spread of the Internet. A wide variety of commerce is concted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.
A large percentage of electronic commerce is concted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.
Electronic commerce that is concted between businesses is referred to as Business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market).
Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.
History
Early development
The meaning of electronic commerce has changed over the last 30 years. Originally, electronic commerce meant the facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both introced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to send commercial documents like purchase orders or invoices electronically. The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic commerce. From the 1990s onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource planning systems (ERP), data mining and data warehousing.
Perhaps it is introced from the Telephone Exchange Office, or maybe not.The earliest example of many-to-many electronic commerce in physical goods was the Boston Computer Exchange, a marketplace for used computers launched in 1982. The first online information marketplace, including online consulting, was likely the American Information Exchange, another pre-Internet online system introced in 1991.
Timeline
1990: Tim Berners-Lee wrote the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer.
1992: J.H. Snider and Terra Ziporyn published Future Shop: How New Technologies Will Change the Way We Shop and What We Buy. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312063598.
1994: Netscape released the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla. Pizza Hut offered pizza ordering on its Web page. The first online bank opened. Attempts to offer flower delivery and magazine subscriptions online. Alt materials were also commercially available, as were cars and bikes. Netscape 1.0 in late 1994 introced SSL encryption that made transactions secure.
1995: Jeff Bezos launched Amazon.com and the first commercial-free 24 hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK and NetRadio started broadcasting. Dell and Cisco began to aggressively use Internet for commercial transactions. eBay was founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb.
1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web.
1999: business.com was sold for US $7.5 million, which was purchased in 1997 for US $150,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster was launched.
2000: The dot-com bust.
2003: Amazon.com had its first year with a full year of profit.
Business applications
Some common applications related to electronic commerce are:
E-mail and messaging
Documents, spreadsheets, database
Accounting and finance systems
Orders and shipment information
Enterprise and client information reporting
Domestic and international payment systems
Newsgroup
On-line Shopping
Messaging
Conferencing
Government regulations
In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive.[1] Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers’ personal information.[2] As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.
Forms
Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering "digital" content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to "meta" services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce.
On the consumer level, electronic commerce is mostly concted on the World Wide Web. An indivial can go online to purchase anything from books, grocery to expensive items like real estate. Another example will be online banking like online bill payments, buying stocks, transferring funds from one account to another, and initiating wire payment to another country. All these activities can be done with a few keystrokes on the keyboard.
On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce these days.
电子商务或EC（英语: E-Commerce）是指在互联网(Internet)、企业内部网 (Intranet) 和增值网(VAN， Added Network)上以电子交易方式进行交易活动和相关服务活动，是传统商业活动各环节的电子化、网路化。电子商务包括电子货币交换、供应链管理、电子交易市场、网路营销、在线事务处理、电子数据交换（EDI）、存货管理和自动数据收集系统。在此过程中，利用到的信息技术包括：互联网、外联网、电子邮件、资料库、电子目录和行动电话。
而广义上的电子商务—电子业务或EB（英语: E-Business）则是指对整个商业活动实现电子化，也就是指应用电脑与网路技术与现代信息化通信技术，按照一定标准，利用电子化工具（有时甚至指整个电子媒介领域，包括广播、电视、电话通讯等等）来实现包括电子商务(或电子交易)在内的商业交换和行政作业的商贸活动的全过程。
发展历史
在过去的30年间，电子商务的概念发生了很大的变化. 最初，电子商务意味著利用电子化的手段，将商业买卖活动简化，通常使用的技术包括电子数据交换（EDI）和电子货币转帐，这些技术均是在20世纪70年代末期开始应用。典型的应用是将采购订单和发票之类的商业文档通过电子数据的方式发送出去。
电子商务中的“电子”指的是采用的技术和系统，而“商务”指的是传统的商业模式。电子商务被定义为一整套通过网路支持商业活动的过程。在70年代和80年代，信息分析技术进入电子商务。80年代，随著信用卡、自动柜员机和电话银行的逐渐被接受和应用，这些也成为电子贸易的组成部分。进入90年代，企业资源计划（ERP）、数据挖掘和数据仓库也成为电子商务的一个部分。
在“.COM”时代，电子商务增加了新的组成部分——“网路贸易”，客户在数据加密传输技术支持下，利用网上商店的虚拟购物车和信用卡等电子货币支付形式，通过互联网完成商品和服务的采购。
如今，电子商务的涵盖十分广泛的商业行为，从电子银行到信息化的物流管理。电子商务的增长促进了支持系统的发展和进步， 包括后台支持系统、应用系统和中间件，例如宽频和光纤网路、供应链管理模块、原料规划模块、客户关系管理模块、存货控制模块和会计核算/企业财务模块。
当互联网在1994进入公众的视线时，很多记者和学者预测电子贸易将很快成为主要的商业应用模式。然而，安全协议（例如HTTPS）用了四年的时间才发展的足够成熟并获得大范围的应用。接下来，在1998年和2000年之间，大量的美国和西欧公司开发了许多不成熟的网站。
虽然大量的“纯电子商务”公司在2000年和2001年的“.COM”衰退期消失了，还是有很多传统的“水泥加砖块”的零售企业认识到这些“.COM”公司揭示了潜在的有价值的市场空间，开始将电子商务的功能增加到网站上。例如，在在线食品销售公司Webvan倒闭后，两家传统的连锁超级市场Albertsons和Safeway都开始了附属的电子商务功能，消费者可以直接在线订购食品。
电子商务的成功因素
技术和组织方面
在很多案例中，一个电子商务公司存活下来，不仅仅是基於自身的产品，而且还拥有一个有能力的管理团队、良好的售前服务、组织良好的商业结构、网路基础和一个安全的，设计良好的网站，这些因素包括：
足够的市场研究和分析。电子商务需要有可行的商业计划并遵守供需的基本原理。在电子商务领域的失败往往和其他商业领域的一样，缺乏对商业基本原则的领会。
一支出色的被信息技术策略武装起来的管理团队。一个公司的信息战略需要成为商业流程重组的一个部分。
为客户提供一个方便而且安全的方式进行交易。信用卡是最互联网上普遍的支付手段，大约90%的在线支付均使用信用卡的方式完成。在过去，加密的信用卡号码信息通过独立的第三方支付网关在顾客和商户之间传递，现在大部分小企业和个体企业还是如此。如今大部分规模稍大的公司直接在网站上通过与商业银行或是信用卡公司之间的协议处理信用卡交易。
提供高可靠性和安全性的交易。例如利用并行计算、硬体冗余、失败处理、信息加密和网路防火墙技术来达到这个需求。
提供360度视角的客户关系，即确保无论是公司的雇员、供应商还是伙伴均可以获得对客户完整和一致的视角，而不是被选择或者过滤得信息。因为，客户不会对在权威主义（老大哥）监视的感觉有好的评价。
构建一个商业模型。如果在2000年的教科书上有这麼一段，很多“.com”公司可能不会破产。
设计一个电子商务价值链，关注在数量有限的核心竞争力上，而不是一个一站购齐的解决方案。如果合适的编制程序，网路商店可以在专业或者通用的特性中获得其中一个。
运作最前沿或者尽可能的接近最前沿的技术，并且在紧紧跟随技术的变化。（但是需要记住，商业的基本规则和技术的基本规则有很大的区别，不要同样在商业模式上赶时髦）
建立一个足够敏感和敏捷的组织，及时应对在经济、社会和环境上发生的任何变化。
提供一个有足够吸引力的网站。有品味的使用颜色、图片、动画、照片、字体和足够的留白空间可以达到这一目标。
流畅的商业流程，可以通过流程再造和信息技术来获得。
提供能完全理解商品和服务的信息，不仅仅包括全部产品信息还有可靠的顾问建议和挑选建议。
自然，电子商务供应商行业需要履行普世的原则，例如保证提供的商品的质量和可用性、物流的可靠性，并且及时有效的处理客户的投诉。在网路环境下，有一个独一无二的特点，客户可以获得远多於传统的“砖块+水泥”地商业环境下关於商家
顾客为先
一个成功的电子商务机构必须提供一个既满意而又具意义的经验给顾客。都由各种顾客为先因素构成，包括以下:
提供额外的利益给顾客: 电子销售商如要做到这一点，可提供产品或其产品系列，以一个较低的价格吸引潜在的客户、如传统商贸一样.
提供优质服务: 提供一个互动及易於使用的购买经验及场所，亦如传统零售商一样， 都有助某程度上达至上述目标。为鼓励顾客再回来购买。可利用赠品或促销礼券、优惠及折扣等。 还可以互相连接其他相关网站和广告联盟等。
提供个人服务: 提供个人化的网站、购买建议、个人及特别优惠的方式，有助增加互动、人性化来代替传统的销售方式。
提供社区意识: 可以聊天室、讨论板以及一些忠诚顾客计划(亦称亲和力计划)都对提供社区意识有一定的帮助。
令顾客拥有全面性的体验: 提供电子个人化服务，根据顾客的喜好，提供个别服务，使顾客感受与别不同的体验，便可成为公司独特的卖点及品牌。
自助方式: 提供自助式服务网站、易用及无须协助的环境，都有一定的帮助。包括所有的产品资料，交叉推销信息、谘询产品补替、用品及配件选择等。
提供各种资讯: 如个人电子通讯录、网上购物等。透过丰富的比较资料及良好的搜索设备，提供信息和构件安全、健康的评论给顾客。可协助个人电子服务来确定更多潜在顾客。
失败因素
个人资料的外泄是最大的因素，如果有骇客破解网页原始码，并在网页上种下木马或是病毒，只要你登入并打上个人资料，骇客便可以马上知道你在网页上打下哪些个人资料。所以如何保护顾客的个资等是电子商务最大的问题，如果不妥善处理，那此电子店家便会被淘汰。
㈡ 用英语怎么写作文<电子商务展望>
Forecasting the Electronic commerce
E-Commerce, or Electronic Commerce, is a general term for any type of business, or commercial transaction, that involves the transfer of information across the Internet. This covers a range of different types of businesses, from consumer-based retail sites like Amazon.com, through auction and music sites like eBay or MP3.com, to business exchanges trading goods or services between corporations.
Electronic Commerce has expanded rapidly over the past five years and this growth is forecast to continue or even accelerate. It is likely that in the future the boundaries between "conventional" and "electronic" commerce will become increasingly blurred as more and more businesses move parts of their operation onto the Internet.
㈢ 求两篇关于电子商务的英文文献
查到很多，但是我电脑下载速度慢,现在弄到三篇文章全文
如果你觉得合适
发邮件到我邮箱我给你全文
[email protected]
[1] Wade, M. and S. Nevo, Development and Validation of a Perceptual Instrument to Measure E-Commerce Performance. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 2006. 10(2): p. 123-146.
[2] Belanger, F., E-Commerce Web Development: Perspective from the Field. Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations, 2006. 4(2): p. 1–4.
[3] Fisher, J., H. Scheepers, and R. Scheepers, E-Commerce Research in Australia. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS, 2007. 19(1): p. 39.
㈣ 求一篇英语作文 电子商务对我们日常生活的影响
1.寒假生活）
Dear Tom
Long time no see, how is you winter holiday?
By the way, I have a good holiday in perfect order. Because i make a studying schele for myself. In the morning, I read English texts to improve my spoken English. Then I do my homework ring the day time. After supper, I stay with my parents watching TV or movies. On weekends, I go to visit my grandparents and help them clean their house. This is my winter holiday. What about you?
Yours:
XXX
2.（理想职业）
Since I was a child I dream to be a scientist. I think a good scientist can make the world change a lot. If I become a scientist, I will make the desert cover with green trees, make the war never take places and make disaster get far away from people. Now, although I am only a student and lack of creativity. I will study science harder and harder. Because I believe that "There is a will, there is a way! "
3.提建议）Sandstorms
Nowadays sandstorm becomes such a serious problem. It pollutes the air and disturbs the daily lives of people.
I think we should solve this problem as soon as possible. My suggestions are as follow: for one thing, more funds ought to be put into trees planting and forest protection so as to keep more water resources within the surface of the earth. For another, governments of all countries should found some laws concerning environmental protection.
Everyone knows that there is only one earth, lf we go on destroying her, it won’t be fit for us to live in any longer. Now it’s time for us to love her, take good care of her and cure her.
4.礼物）我最喜欢的礼物
Among all the presents that I have ever received, I like my diary book best. I got it from my best friend.
In the diary, there are many beautiful poems, which contain wisdom, sorrow and deep feelings of love. It was amazing that I loved almost every poem. My friend also wrote on the first page of the diary "May you take down the beautiful memories of life."
I did write something special and important to me, and now the diary has become a record of my young life, a memorial of the precious friendship between my friend and me.
5.A TRIP TO the COUNTRY 乡村游记
One Sunday my mother (Mother) had (made) me take my little young brother to the a trip to the country. She bade me take good care of him.
While we were walking along the road, the sun was shining brightly and the breeze was blowing gently. We saw the beautiful flowers smile (smiling) at us and heard the birds sing (singing) their sweet songs on the trees. The scenery was indeed very pretty (beautiful).
When we felt tired, we returned home. We saw Mother (our mother) wait (waiting) for us at the door.
有一个星期日，我母亲叫我带小弟弟去乡村游历。她吩咐我要好好照料他。
当我们沿着道路行走的时候，太阳灿烂地照耀着，微风轻轻地吹着。我们看见美丽的花儿对我们微笑着，并听见鸟儿在树上唱着悦耳的歌曲，风景实十分美丽。
当我们感觉到疲倦的时候，我们就回家了。我们看见母样正在门口等候我们。
MY BIRTHDAY 我的生日
Yesterday was my birthday, so some of my classmates sent me presents. Mother prepared a tea party for me. I invited all of them to come and take part in it.The tea party began at half past six. There were cold drinks and refreshments. We ate, talked and laughed. We felt that we were the happiest men in the world.Time passed quickly. In a twinkling, the clock on the wall struck nine. We could not but say “Good-bye” to one another.
昨天是我生日，所以有几位我的同班同学送我礼。母亲给我准备一个茶会。我邀请他们都前来参加。茶会下午六点半开始。有冷饮和点心。我们又吃又谈又笑。我们觉得是世界上最快乐的人。时间过得很快。转瞬间，墙上的钟敲九点了。我们不得不互道再见。
MY DAILY LIFE 我的日常生活
Though my daily life is extremely monotonous, I try hard to adapt myself to it. Why? Because I intend to be a good student. I wish to render service to my country.
I get up at six o’clock every day. After I wash my face and brush my teeth, I begin to review my lessons. I go to school at seven o’clock.
After school is over, I return home. We usually have supper at seven o’clock.then I begin to do my homework. I want to finish it before I go to bed.
虽然我的日常生活十分单调，但我却竭力设法去适应它。为什么？因为我打算做一个好学生，希望将来为国家服务。
我每天六点起床、洗脸刷牙后，就开始复习功课，七点钟我就去上学。
放学后，我就回家了。我们通常在七点钟吃晚餐，之后我就开始做家庭作业，希望在睡觉前把它做完。
I have rested for a week. I began to feel bored. So I went out with my friends. They are my best friends in the middle school. We didn’t go to someplace special. We just saw the other. We had lunch together. While we were having lunch, we were still talking about the new school and new friends. Yes! A year later, we have grown riper. And we learned much more things and got new life. We haven’t enough time to play, to waste and to lose the way. We only have two years. Two years to go, we will get the real life which belongs to us.
January 18 2005 年
我休息了一个星期。我开始了对感觉乏味。如此我出去了与我的朋友。他们是我的最好的朋友在中学。我们没去在某处特别。我们看见了其他。我们一起吃了午餐。当我们吃午餐, 我们仍然谈论新学校和新朋友。是! 一年后, 我们增长更加成熟。并且我们学会了更多事和有新生活。我们没有足够时间演奏, 浪费和迷路。我们只有二年。二年去, 我们将有属于我们的真正的生活。
live very happily today! In the morning, it is very fine! Then I climb the mountain with family, the air on the mountain is very fresh, the flowers plants and trees on the mountain all seem extremely beautiful. In the afternoon, I go to friend's home to play, the friend entertains me warmly, show me a lot of books of his , has listened to his CD for me , then also ask me to eat a sumptuous dinner. Coming back home in the evening, family and I sat and watched TV together, we are returning and eating the fruit while chatting, the whole family is happy and harmonious!
译文：今天我过得非常开心！早上，天气非常好！于是我和家人一起去登山，山上的空气非常清新，山上的花草树木都显得格外美丽。下午，我去了朋友家玩，朋友热情地招待我，给我看了他的很多书，给我听了他的CD，然后还请我吃了一顿丰盛的晚餐。晚上回到家，我与家人坐在一起看电视，我们还一边聊天一边吃着水果，全家其乐融！
MY NATIVE TOWN 我的故乡
My native town is X. We have settled down here since my grandfather was a child. In other words, my family has lived here for more than one hundred years.
It is a small village. there are about one thousand inhabitants. Most of them are farmers. The mode of their living is very simple. However, they have already possessed television sets and refrigerators. They made up their minds to live a modern life.
我的故乡是X。我们自从祖父是小孩时，就定居在此地。换句话说，我们家人在此地已经住了一百余年了。
这个小村庄。居民大约有一千人。他们大部分是农夫。他们的生活方式很简单。然而，他们已拥有电视和冰箱。他们下定决心要过一个现代的生活。
㈤ 求翻译一篇英文文章，电子商务相关论文，请勿用翻译软件。
的角色造型在性能测试的电子商务应用
阿尔贝托Avritzer ，各会员协会，并帼Weyuker学者，研究员，符合IEEE
摘要，一个电子商务的可扩展性的案例研究，提出这两个传统的性能测试和性能
模型被用来帮助优化应用的高性能。这涉及建立一个系统的仿真模型
以及发展的办法，测试案例生成和执行。我们描述我们的经验，使用模拟
模型来帮助诊断生产系统的问题，并讨论如何的成效，性能测试的努力，
改善了其使用。
指数条款，软件性能测试，软件测试，性能建模，仿真，工作量定性。
1引言
传统的做法对发展中国家关键任务
系统的可扩展性（即系统能够处理
工作量大大超过那些为
他们最初设计）涉及广泛的业绩
测试的目标与现实的架构
工作量。仿真程序已成功
使用，以减少测试费用的几个行业。一些
具体的例子是半导体[ 14 ] ，网络[ 7 ] ，
电信[ 4 ] ，航空航天，制造业和
制药[ 8 ] 。仿真建模一直建议
作为一个途径减轻时，可扩展性风险
适当的性能测试无法执行的
项目，由于缺乏合格的人员或一些
其他资源。在本文中，我们描述一个个案研究
我们使用了性能测试和模拟
建模，以帮助配置中的应用高
可扩展性。我们发现，仿真模型可
使用，极大地增强了有效性的表现
测试的努力和业绩的建模和性能
测试是相辅相成的条件类型的
的问题，他们往往暴露。因此，他们应
结合使用对方。
㈥ 写一篇英语作文电子商务的发展
As can be seen from the chart that money value of annual global electronic transactions id increasing graally in the seven years. In 1997, the money value of global electronic commerce transactions is US$ 2.6 billion, while the number reaches US$1000 billion, 500 times that of 1997. why is electronic commerce booming nowadays?
Several factors contribute to this phenomenon. First, the availability of computer is the foremost cause. The rapid development of computer technology enables everybody to have access to computer and Internet. Internet now no more a stranger to common people. Second, the technology of Internet is becoming more and more mature.
全文你参考这个“英语作文网”吧： http://www.adreep.cn/dxyy/2910.html
lcl1977
㈦ 英语高手请进，翻译下面的文章（电子商务之类的文章）
一般来说，有2种不同形式电子货币：记名的电子货币 和无记名电子货币(也被称为数字现金)。记名电子货币包含着从银行里取款人的身份。于使用信用卡的方式相同，记名电子货币让银行能在商业往来中追踪那笔款项的踪迹。无记名电子货币根一般的纸钞是一样的。一旦无记名电子货币从帐户里取出,它可以在毫无买卖的记录的情况下送走或花掉。你可以使用盲签名而不是据实签名来做一笔无记名电子货币。
每种电子货币都有2种不同的种类：网上电子货币和脱离网络的离线电子货币
网上电子货币的意思是指必须和银行联络（通过调制解调器或网络）与第三方实行买卖交易。离线电子货币的意思是可以在没有银行直接参与的情况下实行买卖。离线 无记名电子货币(真正的数字现金）是最为复杂的一种电子货币因为有重复付款的问题。
㈧ 求一篇关于电子商务的英文介绍
Electronic business, commonly referred to as "eBusiness" or "e-business", may be defined as the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in support of all the activities of business. Commerce constitutes the exchange of procts and services between businesses, groups and indivials and can be seen as one of the essential activities of any business. Electronic commerce focuses on the use of ICT to enable the external activities and relationships of the business with indivials, groups and other businesses [1].
Louis Gerstner, the former CEO of IBM, in his book, Who Says Elephants Can't Dance? attributes the term "e-Business" to IBM's marketing and Internet teams in 1996.
Electronic business methods enable companies to link their internal and external data processing systems more efficiently and flexibly, to work more closely with suppliers and partners, and to better satisfy the needs and expectations of their customers.
In practice, e-business is more than just e-commerce. While e-business refers to more strategic focus with an emphasis on the functions that occur using electronic capabilities, e-commerce is a subset of an overall e-business strategy. E-commerce seeks to add revenue streams using the World Wide Web or the Internet to build and enhance relationships with clients and partners and to improve efficiency using the Empty Vessel strategy. Often, e-commerce involves the application of knowledge management systems.
E-business involves business processes spanning the entire value chain: electronic purchasing and supply chain management, processing orders electronically, handling customer service, and cooperating with business partners. Special technical standards for e-business facilitate the exchange of data between companies. E-business software solutions allow the integration of intra and inter firm business processes. E-business can be concted using the Web, the Internet, intranets, extranets, or some combination of these.
Basically, electronic commerce (EC) is the process of buying, transferring, or exchanging procts, services, and/or information via computer networks, including the internet. EC can also be benifited from many perspective including business process, service, learning, collaborative, community. EC is often confused with e-business.
㈨ 需要一篇电子商务案例的英文文章
你好,我给你一个中英文对照的:
Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, consists of the buying and selling of procts or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade concted electronically has grown extraordinarily since the spread of the Internet. A wide variety of commerce is concted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.
A large percentage of electronic commerce is concted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.
Electronic commerce that is concted between businesses is referred to as Business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market).
Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.
History
Early development
The meaning of electronic commerce has changed over the last 30 years. Originally, electronic commerce meant the facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both introced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to send commercial documents like purchase orders or invoices electronically. The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic commerce. From the 1990s onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource planning systems (ERP), data mining and data warehousing.
Perhaps it is introced from the Telephone Exchange Office, or maybe not.The earliest example of many-to-many electronic commerce in physical goods was the Boston Computer Exchange, a marketplace for used computers launched in 1982. The first online information marketplace, including online consulting, was likely the American Information Exchange, another pre-Internet online system introced in 1991.
Timeline
1990: Tim Berners-Lee wrote the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer.
1992: J.H. Snider and Terra Ziporyn published Future Shop: How New Technologies Will Change the Way We Shop and What We Buy. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312063598.
1994: Netscape released the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla. Pizza Hut offered pizza ordering on its Web page. The first online bank opened. Attempts to offer flower delivery and magazine subscriptions online. Alt materials were also commercially available, as were cars and bikes. Netscape 1.0 in late 1994 introced SSL encryption that made transactions secure.
1995: Jeff Bezos launched Amazon.com and the first commercial-free 24 hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK and NetRadio started broadcasting. Dell and Cisco began to aggressively use Internet for commercial transactions. eBay was founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb.
1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web.
1999: business.com was sold for US $7.5 million, which was purchased in 1997 for US $150,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster was launched.
2000: The dot-com bust.
2003: Amazon.com had its first year with a full year of profit.
Business applications
Some common applications related to electronic commerce are:
E-mail and messaging
Documents, spreadsheets, database
Accounting and finance systems
Orders and shipment information
Enterprise and client information reporting
Domestic and international payment systems
Newsgroup
On-line Shopping
Messaging
Conferencing
Government regulations
In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive.[1] Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers’ personal information.[2] As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.
Forms
Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering "digital" content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to "meta" services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce.
On the consumer level, electronic commerce is mostly concted on the World Wide Web. An indivial can go online to purchase anything from books, grocery to expensive items like real estate. Another example will be online banking like online bill payments, buying stocks, transferring funds from one account to another, and initiating wire payment to another country. All these activities can be done with a few keystrokes on the keyboard.
On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce these days.
电子商务或EC（英语: E-Commerce）是指在互联网(Internet)、企业内部网 (Intranet) 和增值网(VAN，Value Added Network)上以电子交易方式进行交易活动和相关服务活动，是传统商业活动各环节的电子化、网路化。电子商务包括电子货币交换、供应链管理、电子交易市场、网路营销、在线事务处理、电子数据交换（EDI）、存货管理和自动数据收集系统。在此过程中，利用到的信息技术包括：互联网、外联网、电子邮件、资料库、电子目录和行动电话。
而广义上的电子商务—电子业务或EB（英语: E-Business）则是指对整个商业活动实现电子化，也就是指应用电脑与网路技术与现代信息化通信技术，按照一定标准，利用电子化工具（有时甚至指整个电子媒介领域，包括广播、电视、电话通讯等等）来实现包括电子商务(或电子交易)在内的商业交换和行政作业的商贸活动的全过程。
发展历史
在过去的30年间，电子商务的概念发生了很大的变化. 最初，电子商务意味著利用电子化的手段，将商业买卖活动简化，通常使用的技术包括电子数据交换（EDI）和电子货币转帐，这些技术均是在20世纪70年代末期开始应用。典型的应用是将采购订单和发票之类的商业文档通过电子数据的方式发送出去。
电子商务中的“电子”指的是采用的技术和系统，而“商务”指的是传统的商业模式。电子商务被定义为一整套通过网路支持商业活动的过程。在70年代和80年代，信息分析技术进入电子商务。80年代，随著信用卡、自动柜员机和电话银行的逐渐被接受和应用，这些也成为电子贸易的组成部分。进入90年代，企业资源计划（ERP）、数据挖掘和数据仓库也成为电子商务的一个部分。
在“.COM”时代，电子商务增加了新的组成部分——“网路贸易”，客户在数据加密传输技术支持下，利用网上商店的虚拟购物车和信用卡等电子货币支付形式，通过互联网完成商品和服务的采购。
如今，电子商务的涵盖十分广泛的商业行为，从电子银行到信息化的物流管理。电子商务的增长促进了支持系统的发展和进步， 包括后台支持系统、应用系统和中间件，例如宽频和光纤网路、供应链管理模块、原料规划模块、客户关系管理模块、存货控制模块和会计核算/企业财务模块。
当互联网在1994进入公众的视线时，很多记者和学者预测电子贸易将很快成为主要的商业应用模式。然而，安全协议（例如HTTPS）用了四年的时间才发展的足够成熟并获得大范围的应用。接下来，在1998年和2000年之间，大量的美国和西欧公司开发了许多不成熟的网站。
虽然大量的“纯电子商务”公司在2000年和2001年的“.COM”衰退期消失了，还是有很多传统的“水泥加砖块”的零售企业认识到这些“.COM”公司揭示了潜在的有价值的市场空间，开始将电子商务的功能增加到网站上。例如，在在线食品销售公司Webvan倒闭后，两家传统的连锁超级市场Albertsons和Safeway都开始了附属的电子商务功能，消费者可以直接在线订购食品。
电子商务的成功因素
技术和组织方面
在很多案例中，一个电子商务公司存活下来，不仅仅是基於自身的产品，而且还拥有一个有能力的管理团队、良好的售前服务、组织良好的商业结构、网路基础和一个安全的，设计良好的网站，这些因素包括：
足够的市场研究和分析。电子商务需要有可行的商业计划并遵守供需的基本原理。在电子商务领域的失败往往和其他商业领域的一样，缺乏对商业基本原则的领会。
一支出色的被信息技术策略武装起来的管理团队。一个公司的信息战略需要成为商业流程重组的一个部分。
为客户提供一个方便而且安全的方式进行交易。信用卡是最互联网上普遍的支付手段，大约90%的在线支付均使用信用卡的方式完成。在过去，加密的信用卡号码信息通过独立的第三方支付网关在顾客和商户之间传递，现在大部分小企业和个体企业还是如此。如今大部分规模稍大的公司直接在网站上通过与商业银行或是信用卡公司之间的协议处理信用卡交易。
提供高可靠性和安全性的交易。例如利用并行计算、硬体冗余、失败处理、信息加密和网路防火墙技术来达到这个需求。
提供360度视角的客户关系，即确保无论是公司的雇员、供应商还是伙伴均可以获得对客户完整和一致的视角，而不是被选择或者过滤得信息。因为，客户不会对在权威主义（老大哥）监视的感觉有好的评价。
构建一个商业模型。如果在2000年的教科书上有这麼一段，很多“.com”公司可能不会破产。
设计一个电子商务价值链，关注在数量有限的核心竞争力上，而不是一个一站购齐的解决方案。如果合适的编制程序，网路商店可以在专业或者通用的特性中获得其中一个。
运作最前沿或者尽可能的接近最前沿的技术，并且在紧紧跟随技术的变化。（但是需要记住，商业的基本规则和技术的基本规则有很大的区别，不要同样在商业模式上赶时髦）
建立一个足够敏感和敏捷的组织，及时应对在经济、社会和环境上发生的任何变化。
提供一个有足够吸引力的网站。有品味的使用颜色、图片、动画、照片、字体和足够的留白空间可以达到这一目标。
流畅的商业流程，可以通过流程再造和信息技术来获得。
提供能完全理解商品和服务的信息，不仅仅包括全部产品信息还有可靠的顾问建议和挑选建议。
自然，电子商务供应商行业需要履行普世的原则，例如保证提供的商品的质量和可用性、物流的可靠性，并且及时有效的处理客户的投诉。在网路环境下，有一个独一无二的特点，客户可以获得远多於传统的“砖块+水泥”地商业环境下关於商家
顾客为先
一个成功的电子商务机构必须提供一个既满意而又具意义的经验给顾客。都由各种顾客为先因素构成，包括以下:
提供额外的利益给顾客: 电子销售商如要做到这一点，可提供产品或其产品系列，以一个较低的价格吸引潜在的客户、如传统商贸一样.
提供优质服务: 提供一个互动及易於使用的购买经验及场所，亦如传统零售商一样， 都有助某程度上达至上述目标。为鼓励顾客再回来购买。可利用赠品或促销礼券、优惠及折扣等。 还可以互相连接其他相关网站和广告联盟等。
提供个人服务: 提供个人化的网站、购买建议、个人及特别优惠的方式，有助增加互动、人性化来代替传统的销售方式。
提供社区意识: 可以聊天室、讨论板以及一些忠诚顾客计划(亦称亲和力计划)都对提供社区意识有一定的帮助。
令顾客拥有全面性的体验: 提供电子个人化服务，根据顾客的喜好，提供个别服务，使顾客感受与别不同的体验，便可成为公司独特的卖点及品牌。
自助方式: 提供自助式服务网站、易用及无须协助的环境，都有一定的帮助。包括所有的产品资料，交叉推销信息、谘询产品补替、用品及配件选择等。
提供各种资讯: 如个人电子通讯录、网上购物等。透过丰富的比较资料及良好的搜索设备，提供信息和构件安全、健康的评论给顾客。可协助个人电子服务来确定更多潜在顾客。
失败因素
个人资料的外泄是最大的因素，如果有骇客破解网页原始码，并在网页上种下木马或是病毒，只要你登入并打上个人资料，骇客便可以马上知道你在网页上打下哪些个人资料。所以如何保护顾客的个资等是电子商务最大的问题，如果不妥善处理，那此电子店家便会被淘汰。
希望对你有帮助!!!
㈩ 求一篇关于电子商务的英语作文
With rapid development of informationization, global electronic commerce transaction has increased greatly within past decade years. Almost all kinds of instries are closely connected with electronic commerce. However, everything has two sides.
On one hand,booming electronic commerce is the fastest way so far to make transactions across far distance. It makes it possible to do business at home, which saves time and unnecessary formalities. That's why e-commerce is preferable to traditional commerce.(优势：)
On the other hand,there exist many problems either.It is hard to control the virtual business. False,deceptive informatin is interspersing among e-commerce. Without management, losses are liable to happen every time. So we should hold strong risk awareness to protect ourselves on e-commerce.（问题：Problems）
Above all, the trend towards promising e-commerce is an irresistible trend of times. It undoubtedly contributes to impayable prosperity of world economy. Let’s prepare to embrace this irretrievable trend.(前景：Perspective)