A. 分眾傳媒zara,極米電視從營銷4P的角度來看
4P營銷理論被歸結為四個基本策略的組合，即產品（Proct）、價格（Price）、渠道（Place）、促銷（Promotion），由於這四個詞的英文字頭都是P，所以叫做4P
B. 淺析ZARA和H&M營銷策略的異同
最大的競爭優勢，可以看到：
世界最先進的設計研發；
和工藝製造原料開發研發。
的雙重優勢的持久堅持的力道。
C. 研究案例，分析研究zara能夠戰勝競爭對手主要依靠的是什麼戰略
一個比較例子、Zara和H&M的營銷策略對比[摘 要]西班牙的ZARA和瑞典的H&M，目前為國際上兩大成功的服裝零專售品牌，兩家屬公司的成功得益於其獨特營銷策略的運用。本文旨在總結歸納兩家公司營銷策略上的異同點。為中國零售企業提取一些可借鑒的經驗。
D. zara是什麼
品牌名稱：ZARA(中文名稱----颯拉) 所屬國家：西班牙 創始時間：1975年 創始人：阿曼西奧·奧爾特加·高納 (Amancio Ortega Gaona) 所屬機構：Inditex集團 首席設計師：約翰·加利亞諾 (John Galliano) 產品類別：女裝，男裝，童裝，鞋靴 保加利亞玫瑰香水-zara
，帽子，圍巾。 Inditex是西班牙排名第一，並於近年超越了美國的GAP、瑞典的H&M成為全球排名第一的服裝零售集團，2005年其全球的銷售額67.41億歐元，銷售數達4.29億件，純利潤8.03億歐元。截至2006年6月它在全球64個國家和地區開設了2899家專賣店，旗下共有8個服裝零售品牌，包括ZARA、Pull and Bear、Kiddy』s Class、Massimo Dutti、Bershka、Stradivarius、Oysho、ZARA Home，ZARA是其中最有名的品牌。ZARA創於1975年，目前在全球72個國家擁有1757家專賣店（自營專賣店佔90%，其餘為合資和特許專賣店）。盡管ZARA品牌的專賣店只佔Inditex公司所有分店數的三分之一，但是其銷售額卻占總銷售額的70%左右。
品牌歷史
1975年，學徒出身的阿曼西奧·奧爾特加在西班牙西北部的偏遠市鎮開設了一個叫ZA zara服飾1
RA的小服裝店。而今，昔日名不見經傳的ZARA已經成長為全球時尚服飾的領先品牌，身影遍布全球70餘個國家和地區，門店數已達2000餘家。 zara品牌之道可以說是時尚服飾業界的一個另類，在傳統的頂級服飾品牌和大眾服飾中間獨辟蹊徑開創了快速時尚(Fast Fashion)模式。隨著快速時尚(Fast Fashion)成為時尚服飾行業的一大主流業態，zara品牌也倍受推崇，有人稱之為「時裝行業中的戴爾電腦」，也有人評價其為「時裝行業的斯沃琪手錶」。在2005年，ZARA在全球100個最有價值品牌中位列77名，哈佛商學院把zara品牌評定為歐洲最具研究價值的品牌，沃頓商學院將zara品牌視為研究未來製造業的典範。ZARA作為一家引領未來趨勢的公司，儼然成為時尚服飾業界的標桿。 zara品牌的頭頂上籠罩著太多的光環，但絕非徒有虛名，其背後漂亮的財務數字則是 zara服飾2
最佳的註解。在2005年度ZARA全球營業收入達到44億歐元，稅前利潤為7.12億歐元。摩根士丹利公司在一份研究報告中預測到2014年為止ZARA每股收益年均增長率是10.9%，而Burberry等五大奢侈品集團的年均增長率則只有7.7%。 由於ZARA財務表現良好，發展勢頭強勁，ZARA品牌創始人阿曼西奧·奧爾特加的財富也隨著股票市值的上揚而節節攀升，在2007年《福布斯》全球富豪榜中位列第八，資產總額已達240億美元。 ZARA作為快速時尚（Fast Fashion）模式的領導品牌，聲名顯赫，利潤豐厚，真可謂是「名利雙收」，ZARA顯然成為贏利性品牌的典範。ZARA品牌在時尚服飾業界正以驚人的速度崛起，2005年閃電般地躋身全球100個最具價值品牌榜，並將ARMANI等時尚服飾界大牌甩在身後。「以史為鑒，可以知興替」，不同經濟時代偉大品牌的興衰史告訴我們一個偉大的品牌的崛起往往在於其品牌精神與整體性時代精神及消費者深層需求的高度契合。ZARA贏利性品牌模式在全球所向披靡大獲成功正是對此最好的詮釋。 2005年才第一次登上Interbrand發布的全球最佳品牌排行榜的ZARA，2006年排名已經僅次於Adidas，品牌價值達42.35億美元。 ZARA的每一位門店經理都擁有一部特別定製的PDA，通過這台聯網的PDA他們可以直接向總部下訂單，而總部可以直接掌握每一間門店的銷售情況，同時門店店長也可以和總部產品經理及時溝通。這樣ZARA可以做到設計、生產、交付在15天內完成。《哈佛商業評論》稱：ZARA建立了一個不同於傳統行業的通信供應鏈，正是這個供應鏈幫助ZARA完成了它的15天神話。 在ZARA你總是能夠找到新品，並且是限量供應的。這些商品大多數會被放在特殊的貨架上面。這種暫時斷貨策略在很多人眼中太大膽了！但是想想所有限量供應商品在市場上受到的追捧吧，人們需要的不是產品而是「與眾不同」、「獨一無二」。而ZARA的暫時斷貨正滿足了人們的這種心理，ZARA由於這種顛覆性的做法慢慢變成了「獨一無二」的代言人。
品牌策略
ZARA成立於1975年，已在歐洲27個國家及全世界55個國家和地區建立了2200家女性服飾連鎖店。2004年度全球營業收入46億歐元，利潤4.4億歐元，獲利率9.7%，比美國第一大服飾連鎖品牌GAP的6.4%還要出色。 ZARA近幾年來經營成功，可歸納為四個因素：擁有龐大的設計師群；公司本身擁有9家成衣廠，從新款策劃到生產出廠，最快可在一周內完成；ZARA的送貨速度快；採取多樣少量的經營方式，每隔3周其服裝店內所有商品一定要全部換新。 ZARA的設計師具有年輕人獨特的創意與熱情，經常到紐約、倫敦、巴黎、米蘭、東京等時尚都市的第一線去了解女性服飾及配件的最新流行與消費趨勢，並隨時掌握商品銷售狀況、顧客反應等第一手信息。 ZARA目前在西班牙有9家自己的生產工廠，可以機動掌握生產速度。設計師完成服飾設計之後，便將設計資料規格傳到工廠正式生產。世界各地連鎖店的訂單，經合理評估後傳到工廠，將庫存量降到最低。目前庫存量大約是15%到20%，比其他服飾連鎖業者的40%低很多。 在物流配送方面，ZARA在法國、德國、義大利、西班牙等歐盟國家以卡車運送為主，平均48小時即可運達連鎖店，在這些地區的銷售占總銷售量的70%。剩下30%的銷售量，則以空運的方式送到日本、美國、東歐等較遠的國家和地區。 為了讓消費者趕上最新流行的腳步，ZARA各連鎖店每周一定會有新品上市，商品上下架的替換率非常快。而且各店陳列的每件商品通常只有五件庫存量，屬於多樣少量經營模式。每隔3周，其服裝店內所有商品一定要全部換新。 在競爭激烈的服裝銷售市場上，ZARA以超速度、多品種少量、制售一體的效率化經營，立足歐洲，放眼全球，其成功之道值得業界分析借鑒。
編輯本段供應鏈系統
實際上至關重要的環節是ZARA的靈敏供應鏈系統，大大提高了ZARA的前導時間 zara服飾3
。（前導時間是從設計到把成衣擺在櫃台上出售的時間）中國服裝業一般為6～9個月，國際名牌一般可到120天，而ZARA最厲害時最短只有7天，一般為12天。這是具有決定意義的12天。ZARA之靈敏供應鏈所展現出來的韻律，使得有「世界工廠」之稱的中國相形見絀。一些國際服裝品牌巨頭明知ZARA厲害，就是學不來，模仿不了。為什麼？ ZARA一年中大約推出12000種時裝，而每一款時裝的量一般不大。即使是暢銷款式，ZARA也只供應有限的數量，常常在一家專賣店中一個款式只有兩件，賣完了也不補貨。一如郵票的限量發行提升了集郵品的價值，ZARA通過這種「製造短缺」的方式，培養了一大批忠實的追隨者。「多款式、小批量」， ZARA實現了經濟規模的突破。 一般分析ZARA成功的原因大致是：顧客導向；垂直一體化；高效的組織管理；強調生產的速度和靈活性；不做廣告不打折的獨特營銷價格策略等。
編輯本段主要設計師
ZARA有近400名設計師，這些設計師是典型的空中飛人，他們經常坐飛機穿梭於各種時裝發布會之間 zara童裝1
或者出入各種時尚場所。通常，一些頂級品牌的最新設計剛擺上櫃台，ZARA就會迅速發布和這些設計非常相似的時裝。這樣的設計方式能保證ZARA緊跟時尚潮流。據悉，在歐洲，每年ZARA都要向那些頂級品牌支付幾千萬歐元的侵權罰款。ZARA並沒有因此放棄這種設計模式，顯然從中賺取的利潤要比被罰款的數額高得多。 ZARA花巨資一體化設計自己的靈敏供應鏈。生產基地設在西班牙，只有最基本款式的20服裝在亞洲等低成本地區生產。ZARA自己設立了20個高度自動化的染色、剪裁中心，而把人力密集型的工作外包給周邊500家小工廠甚至家庭作坊，而把這20個染色、裁剪中心與周邊小工廠連接起來的物流系統堪稱一絕。在西班牙方圓200英里的生產基地，集中了 20家布料剪裁和印染中心，500家代工的終端廠。ZARA把這200英里的地下都挖空，架設地下傳送帶網路。每天根據新訂單，把最時興的布料准時送達終端廠，保證了總體上的前導時間要求。建設這樣一個生產基地，需要投資達幾十億歐元。許多品牌服裝想模仿ZARA，可是卻沒有這樣巨額投資的生產基地。成品服裝在歐洲用卡車兩天內可以保證到達，而對於美國和日本市場，ZARA甚至不惜成本採用空運以提高速度。這種大生產思維，使得ZARA品牌一騎絕塵。 ZARA的零售只設專賣店，那是ZARA的窗口與眼睛，不搞特許經營。 zara童裝2
專賣店每周根據銷售情況下訂單兩次，這就減少了需要打折處理存貨的機率，也降低了庫存成本。款式更新更快增加了新鮮感，吸引消費者不斷重復光顧。快速更新店面里的貨品，也確保了它們能符合顧客的品味，從而能被銷售出去。 「品種少，批量大」是傳統製造業的天條，而在「長尾市場」中，「款多量小」卻成為當紅的商業模式。ZARA以其靈敏供應鏈，創造了長尾市場的新樣板。 中國是服裝大國和強國，然而卻沒有稱譽世界的品牌，而只是廣布著大量的代工基地，成為「世界工廠」的一個縮影。對比ZARA靈敏供應鏈的建設，我們的「世界工廠」顯得相形見絀。一國財富模式，決定了一國未來的競爭力。當歐美人選擇了集中投向教育資本、產業資本和金融資本，控制資源的全球分配走勢，而中國人卻一窩蜂地選擇了不動產財富模式，結果日益淪落為給跨國公司輸送利潤的機器。
編輯本段品牌特色
ZARA旗下擁有超過兩百餘位的專業設計師群，一年推出的商品超過12000款，可說是同業的5倍之多，而且設計師其平均歲數只有25歲，他們隨時穿梭於米蘭、東京、紐約、巴黎等時尚重地觀看服裝秀，以擷取設計理念與最新的潮流趨勢，進而模擬仿效推出高時髦感的時尚單品，而且速度之快十分令人震驚，每周兩次的補貨上架，每隔三周就要全面性的汰舊換新，全球各店在兩周內就可同步進行更新完畢，極高的商品汰換率，也加快了顧客上門的回店率，因為消費者已於無形中建立起ZARA隨時都有新東西的重要形象。 除此之外，ZARA設計群也實時與全球各地的ZARA店長進行電話會議，透過了解各地的銷售狀況與顧客反應，來靈活變通調整商品的設計方向，因應人客的百變口味，而且在顧客購買的同時，店員已經將商品特徵以及顧客資料輸入計算機，藉由網際傳輸將數據送回ZARA總部，設計群則可掌握各種精確的銷售分析與顧客喜好，再加上本身專業的時尚敏銳度，來決定下一批商品的設計走向與數量，如此一來，商品即可發揮最大銷售率，也意味著能有效壓低庫存的出現率。 來看看zara 09秋冬的宣傳畫冊你就一目瞭然了。從軟呢子外套，到誇張的具有戲劇性的針織毛衣；從淺紫色，大地色系，到藍色，甚至綠色褲子，看來，這個秋天，一身黑的行頭，已經開始過時了。不論是綠色的褲子，紅色的里子，還是閃光質感的西裝夾克，一切都在顛覆著「低調」的男裝理念。這個秋天，如果你不「閃光」，那麼至少給我點「顏色」看看！
E. zara的市場營銷策略的英文文獻
這些都是國外網站上的，沒有中文翻譯的，看不懂的話試試翻譯器，查查字典什麼的，我要是給你翻譯怕誤導你。
Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later
Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men』s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.
Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: 「I don』t know. I』ve never shopped at The Gap.」
Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.
While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara』s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.
Zara』s Marketing Strategy
Zara』s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what』s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.
Zara』s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.
「These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,」 said Zara』s Toronto store manager. 「They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.」
This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store』s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara』s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.
Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, 「That would look really nice with a cowl collar,」 an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.
The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970』s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara』s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.
「We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That』s why our customers come in often,」 the Toronto store manager said. 「We might get ten of one item and five of another. We』re constantly testing.」
The density of Zara』s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.
The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara』s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara』s marketing strategy is clear.
The Results and the Future
Zara』s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex』s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.
While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world』s most lucrative market.
Question 1 – Zara』s Business Model and Competitive Analysis
Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara』s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara』s current business model.
Zara』s Business Model
Zara』s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara』s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara』s operations.
Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.
Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is
F. ZARA為什麼會取得巨大成功，它的營銷模式是什麼
ZARA的成功有抄幾個因素：成本控制非常好襲，基本上全球采購。它沒有巨額的廣告費，而是通過鬧市區開店鋪加店外櫥窗展示來達到廣告效應。還有一點書上都沒提，就是他的款全是抄歐美大牌的款式。
你去書店，有賣zara的成功模式這本書的。