only女裝網路營銷策略

Ⅰ 找篇關於網路營銷的文章，中英文對照的1500字

相關文章：

淺析我國企業網路營銷的發展

21世紀，人類已經步入了以網際網路為基礎的網路經濟時代。計算機網路技術的迅猛發展和廣泛應用對當代社會產生了全方位的影響，也給企業的營銷管理帶來了巨大的變革。網路營銷是適應網路技術發展與信息網路時代變革的新型營銷方式，它改變了傳統的營銷理念、營銷策略、營銷手段和方式，將成為21世紀企業營銷的主流。與傳統營銷相比，網路營銷顯現出更為廣泛性、實時性、經濟性、交互性等特點。
目前我國上網計算機數量、上網用戶人數總量比較大但普及程度並不高，信息技術在我國企業中應用現狀也不太令人樂觀。通過比較中國企業與外國企業的網路營銷規模、企業擁有網站數量等一系列問題，發現我國網路營銷總體水平還較低，制約我國企業網路營銷發展的障礙和主要問題如下:

一、制約我國企業網路營銷發展的障礙
網路營銷屬於企業自身的管理活動。企業網路營銷的開展，必須積極適應市場環境和消費者的變化，我國企業網路營銷發展障礙主要來自企業內部，包括企業在認識、管理和人才等方面存在的障礙。
1.認識方面的障礙
這是我國企業開展網路營銷最大的障礙。目前企業對網路營銷的認識，呈現兩種截然相反的態度：一種是對網路營銷的過分神化，一種是對網路營銷的認識不足。可以說，這兩種對網路營銷的認識都是片面的，對企業的網路營銷實踐有著巨大的危害。
2.管理方面的障礙
當前我國企業開展網路營銷，在內部管理的三個層次：基層管理、中層管理和高層管理上都還存在著一定的制約因素。目前，國內一些企業的管理體制尚不健全，沒有一套規范系統的管理制度。大多數企業屬於被動反應型，隨著新問題的出現，由管理者制定新的措施，卻很少考慮新制度是否適應本企業的實際情況等問題。導致管理制度呆板僵化，制度之間的系統性不強。
3.人才方面的障礙
人力資源始終是企業最重要的無形資產。企業開展網路營銷，需要各方面的人才，尤其是具備全新信息觀念和新型知識結構的復合型人才，他們是企業實施網路營銷的中堅力量。目前，國內企業在技術人才、管理人才，以及復合型人才等方面，與國際企業相比，都極其匱乏。

二、我國企業網路營銷存在的具體問題
1.互聯網基礎設施建設薄弱
我國的通信業雖經連續十餘年的大發展，尤其是通信網的建設，為我國國民經濟的信息化奠定了網路基礎，但這與流通網路化的未來發展要求相比，還遠遠不夠。不同的地區，在網路營銷發展上存在著較大的差異。

2.企業網路營銷人才缺乏
人力資源始終是企業最重要的無形資產。企業開展網路營銷，需要各方面的人才，尤其是具備全新信息觀念和新型知識結構的復合型人才，他們是企業實施網路營銷的中堅力量，而我國企業恰恰缺少既懂技術又熟悉營銷業務流程的綜合性人才。一來大多數企業只會用人，而沒有培養人的觀念，二來企業內部缺乏有效的激勵機制，導致人才流失情況嚴重。
3.安全、方便的網路支付機制欠缺
在網路上直接進行支付就離不開銀行信用卡方式。目前，我國網路支付的技術尚不成熟，雖然銀行卡在線支付已在中國銀行、招商銀行、中國建設銀行實現，但我國銀行的電子化水平普遍不高，安全性又差，銀行網路之間相對封閉，尚不能承擔起支付網路電子交易費用的任務，無法在網上實現交易的全過程。因此，目前在網路安全支付方面存在的技術和觀念問題是網路營銷發展的核心與關鍵障礙。
網路營銷是新世紀市場營銷的必由之路，它給廣大企業帶來了歷史機遇，同時也帶來了嚴峻的挑戰。鑒於我國網路營銷存在的諸多制約因素，應採取如下對策:
(1)樹立正確的網路營銷觀念。堅決摒棄原有的幾種不正確認識，結合企業自身行業及產品特點，結合企業文化，結合企業營銷管理模式，樹立符合企業需求的網路營銷觀念。
(2)加強網路的基礎設施建設。實施網路營銷活動的對象是網路用戶，所以網路用戶的數量也是網路營銷發展的必要條件，目前我國Internet的基礎設施還相當落後，需要加強和改進的地方很多。上網人數的多少受到網路運行速度和上網資費高低的制約，而網路運行速度和上網費用受到網路基礎設施建設完備程度的影響。因此需要政府發揮宏觀調控的作用，加大網路基礎設施的建設力度，鼓勵國內企業大力開發具有自主知識產權的計算機網路軟硬體產品，改善目前的網路環境。
(3)加強網路營銷立法與監督。無論網路安全、網上結算還是商品配送，都涉及法律法規問題，只有建立、健全和完善相關法規，嚴懲違法者，才能保證網路營銷的正常進行。因此，國家必須在立法和執法上加大力度，在網路市場准入制度、網路交易的合同認證、執行和賠償、反欺騙、知識產權保護、稅收征管、廣告管制、交易監督，以及網路有害信息過濾等方面制定規則，為網路營銷的健康、有序、快速發展提供一個公平規范的法律環境。
(4)培養網路營銷人才。在知識經濟時代，由於信息技術和網路引發的一系列商業革命已經如火如荼，網路營銷需要具備全新信息觀念和新型知識結構的復合型人才，他們是實施網路營銷的中堅力量。網路營銷對人才的要求很高，一個合格的人才不僅需要懂得電腦、互聯網，還要精通金融貿易、物資經營管理，並且要將這幾方面很好地結合在一起。必須要充分利用各種途徑和手段，培養、引進並合理使用好一批素質較高、層次合理、專業對口的網路、計算機及經營管理等方面的專業人才，為企業網路營銷的發展提供人才保障。

網路營銷是企業營銷活動的重要組成部分，是傳統營銷不斷發展和提高的產物，網路營銷正是在與傳統營銷的結合和相互促進中使其日益成熟。我國政府和企業要各司其職，認真研究對策，從不同方面促進我國網路營銷的發展。在營銷策略的制定過程中，充分利用網路的互動性、實時性等特點開發出適合我國國情和企業實際情況的網路營銷新方式、新策略，使企業在日益激烈的市場競爭中立於不敗之地。

Analysis of the enterprise network marketing

21st century, mankind has entered the Internet-based network economy. Computer Network Technology's rapid development and wide application of contemporary society have had a full range of impact to the enterprise marketing management has brought enormous change. Network Marketing is to adapt to network technology development and information network of the new era of change in marketing, it has changed the traditional marketing concepts, marketing strategies, marketing tools and methods will become the 21st century the mainstream of corporate marketing. Compared with traditional marketing, network marketing is showing a more extensive, real-time, the economy, and interactive features.
Currently, China's number of online computers, Internet users to the total number of relatively large but penetration is not high, information technology application in China's enterprises are also less optimistic about the status quo. By comparing the Chinese enterprises and foreign enterprises, the size of network marketing, the enterprise has a range of issues such as the number of Web sites and found that the overall level of China's Internet marketing is still relatively low, restricting the marketing of our enterprise network and the main obstacle to the development of questions are as follows:

First, constraints of our enterprise network marketing obstacle to the development of
Network Marketing is the enterprise's own management activities. The development of enterprise network marketing, we must actively adapt to market changes in the environment and consumers, our corporate network of marketing development obstacles mainly from enterprises, including enterprises in the understanding, management and personnel obstacles.
1. Understanding of the obstacles
This is network marketing enterprises to develop the biggest obstacle. At present, enterprises network marketing awareness, show the two diametrically opposed attitude: a kind of network marketing are over-deification, a network marketing are lack of understanding. It can be said that both the awareness of network marketing is one-sided, on the company's network marketing practice has enormous harm.
2. Regulatory barriers
China's enterprises to develop Internet marketing, in the internal management of the three levels: the grass-roots level management, middle management and senior management are still certain constraints. Currently, some domestic enterprises, the management system is not perfect, does not have a standardized system management system. Most enterprises are reactive type, with the emergence of new issues, from managers to develop new measures, but rarely consider whether the new system to adapt to the actual situation of the enterprise and so on. Lead to rigid inflexible management system, the system is not strong between the systemic.
3. Talent barriers
Human resources has always been the most important intangible assets. Enterprises to develop network marketing, all aspects of personnel required, especially with new concepts and new information on the knowledge structure of compound talents, their enterprises are the backbone of network marketing. At present, the domestic enterprises in the technical talent, management talent, as well as the complex-type personnel, and international enterprises, are extremely scarce.

Second, our corporate network of marketing specific issues exist
1. Internet infrastructure is weak
China's telecommunications instry for more than ten years despite the great development, especially in the construction of communication networks for China's national economy has laid a network of information-based foundation, but with the flow of network requirements for future development, but also far from enough. Different regions, in the development of network marketing there are larger differences.
2. The lack of enterprise network marketing professionals
Human resources has always been the most important intangible assets. Enterprises to develop network marketing, all aspects of personnel required, especially with new concepts and new information on the knowledge structure of compound talents, their enterprises are the backbone of Internet marketing, which is precisely the lack of China's enterprises are familiar with technology knows marketing business processes comprehensive talent. One to the majority of the enterprises will only use, but not in cultured human concept, and secondly the lack of effective internal incentive mechanism, leading to brain drain in serious condition.
3. Safe, convenient payment mechanism for the lack of network
Directly on the network can not be separated from the bank card payment on the way. At present, China's network of technology is not yet ripe to pay, although the bank card online payment in China banks, investment banks, China Construction Bank to achieve, but in China the level of electronic banking in general is not high, safety and poor quality banking network relative closed, there should not assume the network to pay the cost of electronic transactions mission, unable to realize in the online transaction process. Therefore, at present, in network security to pay the existing technical and conceptual issues are the core of the development of network marketing and key obstacles.
Network marketing is marketing the new century, the only way, it brought a large number of enterprises to the historical opportunity, but also brought severe challenges. In view of the existence of our network marketing many constraints, should take the following countermeasures:
(1) establish the correct concept of network marketing. Several original and resolutely reject incorrect understanding, combined with their own instry and proct characteristics, combined with corporate culture, combined with enterprise marketing management mode, set in line with the business needs of network marketing concept.
(2) to enhance the network infrastructure. The implementation of online marketing activities targeted at Internet users, so the number of Internet users is also a network marketing a necessary condition for the development of China's Internet infrastructure is still quite backward, and need to be strengthened and improved in many places. The number of Internet users by the number of network speed and access to the Internet high and low tariff constraints, and network speed and Internet access charges by the network infrastructure complete degrees. Therefore required the government to play the role of macro-control, increase the network infrastructure and encourage development of domestic enterprises with independent intellectual property rights of computer network hardware and software procts, to improve the current network environment.
(3) strengthening the legislative and monitoring network marketing. Regardless of network security, online billing or delivery of goods, all laws and regulations relating to the issue, only to establish, improve and perfect the relevant laws and regulations, and severely punish offenders in order to guarantee the normal network marketing. Therefore, the country must be in the legislative and enforcement efforts, the market access system in the network, network transactions contract certification, implementation and compensation, anti-fraud, intellectual property protection, tax collection and management, advertisement control, transaction monitoring, as well as the harmful information network filter rules, etc., for network marketing the healthy and orderly and rapid development of norms to provide a fair legal environment.
(4) train network marketing professionals. In the era of knowledge economy, as a result of information technology and network triggered a series of commercial revolution now in full swing, network marketing requires new ideas and new information on the knowledge structure of the compound talents, they are the backbone of the implementation of network marketing. Network Marketing demanding of talent, a qualified personnel not only need to understand computers, the Internet, but also proficient in finance, trade, material management, and to these areas very well together. Must make full use of a variety of ways and means to foster the introction and the rational use of a good number of high-quality, reasonably level, professional counterparts in the network, computer and business management professionals for the development of enterprise network marketing to provide qualified personnel to protect .

Network marketing business marketing activities are an important part of traditional marketing are continuous development and improve the proct, network marketing is in combination with traditional marketing and mutual promotion of its increasingly sophisticated. China's government and enterprises should perform their own functions, and seriously look for a solution, from the different aspects of network marketing to promote the development of our country. In marketing strategy formulation process, the full use of the network's interactive, real-time features such as the development suited to China's national conditions and the actual situation of enterprise network marketing new ways and new strategies to enable enterprises in the increasingly fierce competition in the market remain undefeated on the manner.

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希望對您有幫助

Ⅱ 網路營銷具體包括哪些內容

網路營銷具體包括內容有很多。常見的主要有：

1、問答平台

不同的企業可能對應的專業問答平台不同，但是一般我們經常使用的有網路知道，搜狗問答，360問答，天涯問答，新浪愛問，知乎等。

2、網路經驗

企業有很多專業性知識和技巧的，做經驗會特別有效果，網路經驗做得好也有一定的機會能在網路上獲得好的選擇中。做網路經驗時，不要過多的插入廣告，而是通過採用圖片和品牌方式進行推廣。

3、博客推廣

現在比較好的博客平台一般就是新浪，天涯，360圖書館，阿里專欄，豆瓣日誌，知乎專欄，簡書，網易博客，企博網等等。通過這些博客的推廣，可以更加全面幫助企業達到全網營銷的效果。

4、文庫推廣

文庫推廣常見主要有豆丁、道客巴巴和網路文庫等。其中，網路文庫不是收費認證的賬號基本很難通過。但是我們可以申請企業機構網路文庫，這樣不僅可以提供通過率，也有助於企業的品牌推廣。

5、自媒體平台

對於自媒體平台可能並沒有引起很多企業的重視，但是它其實很有用。目前，比較常見的自媒體平台有搜狐、今日頭條、百家號、網易號、快傳號、企鵝號、趣頭條、一點資訊……等等。

6、新聞源推廣

新聞源推廣就是站內發布的信息能快速被搜索引擎優先收錄，也就是說人們在搜索引擎的新聞欄目上搜索企業的相關信息時，會出現有關該企業的新聞，比如在網路、谷歌、搜狗、360等搜索引擎的新聞欄目上搜索。目前主要有自己寫文章投稿和花錢發布到對應的新聞源兩種方式。

7、論壇推廣

我們經常使用的方式，現在能發布廣告的論壇越來越少了，所以盡量去做精，不要去做量，我們可以找相關的論壇以及地方論壇，然後發布相關的帖子。

……

全網營銷推廣方式多種多樣，企業需要選擇專業的全網營銷推廣公司，如騰鴿信息，從而找到適合企業的各種推廣方式 ，真正做好全網營銷。

Ⅲ 關於網路廣告的英文文獻

Online advertising

Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads on search engine results pages, banner ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail spam.

Competitive advantage over traditional advertising
One major benefit of online advertising is the immediate publishing of information and content that is not limited by geography or time. To that end, the emerging area of interactive advertising presents fresh challenges for advertisers who have hitherto adopted an interruptive strategy.

Another benefit is the efficiency of advertiser's investment. Online advertising allows for the customization of advertisements, including content and posted websites. For example, AdWords and AdSense enable ads shown on relevant webpages or aside of search results of pre-chosen keywords. Another is the payment method. Whatever purchasing variation is selected, the payment is usually relative with audiences' response.

Purchasing variations
The three most common ways in which online advertising is purchased are CPM, CPC, and CPA.

CPM (Cost Per Impression) is where advertisers pay for exposure of their message to a specific audience. CPM costs are priced per thousand impressions, or loads of an advertisement. However, some impressions may not be counted, such as a reload or internal user action. The M in the acronym is the Roman numeral for one thousand.
CPV (Cost Per Visitor) or (Cost per View in the case of Pop Ups and Unders) is where advertisers pay for the delivery of a Targeted Visitor to the advertisers website.
CPC (Cost Per Click) is also known as Pay per click (PPC). Advertisers pay each time a user clicks on their listing and is redirected to their website. They do not actually pay for the listing, but only when the listing is clicked on. This system allows advertising specialists to refine searches and gain information about their market. Under the Pay per click pricing system, advertisers pay for the right to be listed under a series of target rich words that direct relevant traffic to their website, and pay only when someone clicks on their listing which links directly to their website. CPC differs from CPV in that each click is paid for regardless of whether the user makes it to the target site.
CPA (Cost Per Action) or (Cost Per Acquisition) advertising is performance based and is common in the affiliate marketing sector of the business. In this payment scheme, the publisher takes all the risk of running the ad, and the advertiser pays only for the amount of users who complete a transaction, such as a purchase or sign-up. This is the best type of rate to pay for banner advertisements and the worst type of rate to charge. Similarly, CPL (Cost Per Lead) advertising is identical to CPA advertising and is based on the user completing a form, registering for a newsletter or some other action that the merchant feels will lead to a sale. Also common, CPO (Cost Per Order) advertising is based on each time an order is transacted.
Cost per conversion Describes the cost of acquiring a customer, typically calculated by dividing the total cost of an ad campaign by the number of conversions. The definition of "Conversion" varies depending on the situation: it is sometimes considered to be a lead, a sale, or a purchase.
CPE (Cost Per Engagement) is a form of Cost Per Action pricing first introced in March 2008. Differing from cost-per-impression or cost-per-click models, a CPE model means advertising impressions are free and advertisers pay only when a user engages with their specific ad unit. Engagement is defined as a user interacting with an ad in any number of ways.[1]
Though, as seen above, the large majority of online advertising has a cost that is brought about by usage or interaction of an ad, there are a few other methods of advertising online that only require a one time payment. The Million Dollar Homepage is a very successful example of this. Visitors were able to pay $1 per pixel of advertising space and their advert would remain on the homepage for as long as the website exists with no extra costs.

Floating ad: An ad which moves across the user's screen or floats above the content.
Expanding ad: An ad which changes size and which may alter the contents of the webpage.
Polite ad: A method by which a large ad will be downloaded in smaller pieces to minimize the disruption of the content being viewed
Wallpaper ad: An ad which changes the background of the page being viewed.
Trick banner: A banner ad that looks like a dialog box with buttons. It simulates an error message or an alert.
Pop-up: A new window which opens in front of the current one, displaying an advertisement, or entire webpage.
Pop-under: Similar to a Pop-Up except that the window is loaded or sent behind the current window so that the user does not see it until they close one or more active windows.
Video ad: similar to a banner ad, except that instead of a static or animated image, actual moving video clips are displayed.
Map ad: text or graphics linked from, and appearing in or over, a location on an electronic map such as on Google Maps.
Mobile ad: an SMS text or multi-media message sent to a cell phone.
In addition, ads containing streaming video or streaming audio are becoming very popular with advertisers.

E-mail advertising
Legitimate Email advertising or E-mail marketing is often known as "opt-in e-mail advertising" to distinguish it from spam.

Affiliate marketing
Main article: Affiliate marketing
Affiliate marketing is a form of online advertising where advertisers place campaigns with a potentially large number of small (and large) publishers, whom are only paid media fees when traffic to the advertiser is garnered, and usually upon a specific measurable campaign result (a form, a sale, a sign-up, etc). Today, this is usually accomplished through contracting with an affiliate network.

Affiliate marketing was an invention by CDNow.com in 1994 and was excelled by Amazon.com when it launched its Affiliate Program, called Associate Program in 1996. The online retailer used its program to generate low cost brand exposure and provided at the same time small websites a way to earn some supplemental income.

Contextual advertising
Many advertising networks display graphical or text-only ads that correspond to the keywords of an Internet search or to the content of the page on which the ad is shown. These ads are believed to have a greater chance of attracting a user, because they tend to share a similar context as the user's search query. For example, a search query for "flowers" might return an advertisement for a florist's website.

Another newer technique is embedding keyword hyperlinks in an article which are sponsored by an advertiser. When a user follows the link, they are sent to a sponsor's website.

Behavioral targeting
In addition to contextual targeting, online advertising can be targeted based on a user's past clickstream. For example, if a user is known to have recently visited a number of automotive shopping / comparison sites based on clickstream analysis enabled by cookies stored on the user's computer, that user can then be served auto-related ads when they visit other, non-automotive sites.
Ads and malware
There is also class of advertising methods which may be considered unethical and perhaps even illegal. These include external applications which alter system settings (such as a browser's home page), spawn pop-ups, and insert advertisements into non-affiliated webpages. Such applications are usually labeled as spyware or adware. They may mask their questionable activities by performing a simple service, such as displaying the weather or providing a search bar. Some programs are effectively trojans. These applications are commonly designed so as to be difficult to remove or uninstall. The ever-increasing audience of online users, many of whom are not computer-savvy, frequently lack the knowledge and technical ability to protect themselves from these programs.

Ad server market structure
Given below is a list of top ad server vendors in 2008 with figures in millions of viewers published in a Attributor survey.

Vendor Ad viewers
Google 1,118
DoubleClick 1,079
Yahoo 362
MSN 309
AOL 156
Adbrite 73
Total 3,087

It should be noted that Google acquired DoubleClick in 2007 for a consideration of $3,100 million. The above survey was based on a sample of 68 million domains.

網路廣告
維基網路，自由的網路全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜索
狹義的網路廣告又被稱為在線廣告或者互聯網廣告；而廣義的網路廣告除了包括以計算機為核心組成的計算機網路為媒介的廣告行為外，還包括其他所有以電子設備相互連接而組成的網路為媒介的廣告行為，例如以無線電話網路，電子信息亭網路為載體的廣告行為。在一般未做特殊說明的情況下，現在各資料所談論的網路廣告全指狹義網路廣告。

狹義網路廣告與傳統廣告有很多類似的地方，也分為很多不同廣告形式，擁有多種計費方式。

常見的廣告形式包括：

橫幅式廣告（banner）
通欄式廣告
彈出式廣告（pop-up ads）
按鈕式廣告（button）
插播式廣告（interstitial ads）
電子郵件廣告（E-DirectMarketing,EDM）
贊助式廣告（sponsorship）
分類廣告（classified ads）
互動游戲式廣告（interactive game）
軟體端廣告
文字鏈接廣告（text ads）
浮動形廣告（floting ads）
聯播網廣告
關鍵字廣告
比對內容廣告
常見的記費方式包括：

按照千人印象成本（CPM）收費。
按照每點擊成本（CPC）收費。
按照每行動成本（CPA）收費。
按照每回應成本（CPR）收費。
按照每購買成本（CPP）收費。
這些都是國際流行的收費模式。在中國和一些網路廣告的發展中國家，則時常會採用以時間來購買的模式，如按每日投放成本收費，按每周投放成本收費等。

對網路廣告的研究顯示，50%的網路廣告點擊是由6%的用戶產生的。而且這個點擊群體是一個缺乏購買力的群體，也很少進行網路購物[1]。

Ⅳ 中老年服裝品牌有哪些

1、秋之歌

東陽市秋之歌服飾有限公司新廠房座落於風景秀美的浙江省東陽市白雲街道平川路260號，建築面積18000多平方米。

公司自1988年創立以來，歷經二十多年的風雨磨礪，在激烈的市場競爭中脫穎而出，旗下的」秋之歌」品牌已經成為全國中老年女裝的知名品牌，在全國已具有良好的知名度與美譽度。

2、雅百威

雅百威女裝擷取最新的杭派及漢派風范，已溶於時代特性，以風格新潮 、意感潮流、款式經典、做工考究的姿態在國內全面推出，現已成為大眾時尚的焦點。

雅百威發展之快讓人驚嘆。大浪淘沙，從計劃經濟到市場經濟，從商場到市場的轉變中，雅百威已由一個手工作坊發展成為一個強大的現代化服飾生產企業，並逐步邁向世界。

3、菲莉思蒂

菲莉詩蒂服飾公司創建於1984年，經過二十多年的發展，已由當初僅有十幾人的小型作坊，發展成至今在全國都深具影響力的大型服裝航母。

公司先後投資五千萬元擴大服裝專業生產基地，引進德國、日本、美國、台灣、香港等地的現代化先進制縫設備、後整理設備及應用「CAD」先進系統，建立了年生產力達二百萬套的服裝生產線。

4、金科

中老年女裝品牌金科，東陽中老年女裝代表品牌，東陽市金科服飾有限公司坐落於風景秀麗的浙江省東陽市漢寧東路458號，金科中老年女裝品牌佔地面積13000多平方米。金科中老年女裝品牌創立於1988年，金科中老年女裝品牌集設計、生產、銷售於一體的中老年女裝專業廠家。

金科中老年女裝品牌擁有強大的技術力量，配有設計、製版、製作等各類專業人員並擁有一流的進口服裝CAD設計軟體及新產品開發能力。

5、香曼

深圳市飛躍服飾有限公司是一家專營中老年女裝系列產品的連鎖公司。成立於2000年，其品牌「香曼」是國內經營銷售的自主品牌，集典雅、時尚、文化休想系列風格為一體。產品花式新、款式好、面料精、加工細等優點備受中老年知識女性的青睞。

Ⅳ 本人急需一篇（關於市場營銷的英文文章），三千字英文，有中文的翻譯．

市場營銷（Marketing）又稱為 市場學、市場行銷或行銷學。簡稱「營銷」，台灣常稱作「行銷」，是指個人或集體通過交易其創造的產品或價值以獲得所需之物實現雙贏或多贏的過程。

權威定義
美國市場營銷協會下的定義是：

行銷是創造、溝通與傳送價值給顧客，及經營顧客關系以便讓組織與其利益關系人受益的一種組織功能與程序

菲利普·科特勒下的定義強調了營銷的價值導向：

市場營銷是個人和集體通過創造，提供出售，並同別人交換和價值，以獲得其所需所欲之物的一種社會和管理過程。

而格隆羅斯給的定義強調了營銷的目的：

營銷是在一種利益之上下，通過相互交換和承諾，建立、維持、鞏固與消費者及其他參與者的關系，實現各方的目的)。

[編輯] 新式定義
台灣的江亘松在＜你的行銷行不行＞中強調行銷的變動性，利用行銷的英文 Marketing 作了下面的定義

「什麼是行銷？」就字面上來說，「行銷」的英文是「Marketing」，若把 Marketing 這個字拆成 Market（市場）與 ing（英文的現在進行式表示方法）這兩個部分，那行銷可以用「市場的現在進行式」來表達產品、價格、促銷、通路的變動性導致供需雙方的微妙關系。

＜你的行銷行不行＞ISBN: 978-986-82609-5-5，理財文化, 2007.08 出版

[編輯] 市場營銷理論發展的四個階段
初創階段(1900年—1920年)
功能研究階段(1921年—1945年)
現代市場營銷學形成和發展階段(1945年—1980年)
營銷擴展階段(1980年以後)

[編輯] 市場與需求
市場營銷學中的市場可以等同於需求，即研究消費者的現實需求和潛在需求。

美國市場營銷協會(AMA)的定義委員會1960年對市場提出以下的定義：

「 市場是指一種貨物或勞務的潛在購買者的集合需求。 」

菲利普·科特勒把市場定義為

「 市場是指某種產品的所有實際的和潛在的購買者的集合。 」

[編輯] 市場的類型
市場從不同角度，可以劃分為不同的類型。其中按商品的基本屬性可劃分為一般商品市場和特殊商品市場。一般商品市場指狹義的商品市場，即貨物市場，包括消費品市場和工業品市場；特殊商品市場指為滿足消費者的資金需要和服務需要而形成的市場，包括資本市場，勞動力市場和技術信息市場。對以上兩種市場作分析時一般要研究消費者市場，產業市場和政府市場。

市場營銷環境分析常用的方法為SWOT分析方法，它是英文Strength(優勢)、Weakness(劣勢)、Opportunity(機會)、Threaten(威脅)的意思。從內部環境分析優劣勢，從外部環境分析機會與威脅。

[編輯] 市場營銷策略
營銷組合的四個因素常稱作4P，即：

產品（Proct)
價格 (Price)
推廣 (Promotion)
通路與配銷 (Place&Distribution)
這四個因素應用到營銷過程中，就形成了四方面的營銷策略。加上政治POLITICS和公共關系PUBLIC，是為6P。

1981年布姆斯（Booms）和比特納（Bitner）建議在傳統市場營銷理論4Ps的基礎上增加三個「服務性的P」，即：人員(People)、流程(Process)、環境(或是或實體環境；Physical evidence)。

根據與市場競爭對手對抗的需要而制定富有競爭力的產品、價格、渠道和促銷政策。這一時期誕生了著名的4P理論。當時還是大眾媒體盛行的時代，依靠大眾媒體促進銷售，無差異化策略成為這一階段的明顯特徵。

[編輯] 產品
產品策略主要研究新產品開發，產品生命周期，品牌策略等，是價格策略，促銷策略和分銷策略的基礎。

[編輯] 價格
價格策略又稱定價策略，主要研究產品的定價、調價等[[市場營銷工具]

[編輯] 推廣
推廣是將組織與產品訊息傳播給目標市場的活動，它主要的焦點在於溝通。透過推廣，企業試圖讓消費者知曉、了解、喜愛或購買產品，進而影響產品的知名度、形象、銷售量，乃至於企業的生長與生存。有了推廣，消費者才可得知產品提供何種利益、價格多少、可以到什麼地方購買及如何購買等，而這些消費者反應會進一步協助推動其他行銷組合(產品、價格、通路)。

[編輯] 通路
又稱渠道策略，也稱為促銷。它代表企業（機構）在將自身產品送抵最終消費者之前，所制定的與各類分銷商之間的貿易關系、成本分攤和利益分配方式的綜合體系。這里的分銷商既包含批發商，也包含零售商，甚至包含物流配送商和直銷公司的直銷人員。

企業制定分銷政策的目的是：讓產品更順暢地到達顧客手中，既要保證分銷成本低廉，又要保證顧客對送貨期、送貨量、裝配服務、疑難咨詢等方面的要求。

在產品日益豐富的情況下，分銷政策可能變得越來越難制定，因為相對於產品和品牌的過量，分銷商則顯得稀少，因而後者擁有了大量討價還價的權力，力圖從製造商或上游企業那裡獲得更大的利益分成比例。

零售商在最近10年的表現尤其令人矚目，它們不僅從事零售，也開始插手於產品的上游生產過程，並以自己的店鋪名稱或獨創名稱作為自己所產新品的品牌——即自有品牌（private brand/label），或叫店鋪品牌（store brand/label）。這更深地威脅到了純粹的製造企業的利潤空間，當然也大大增加了後者制定分銷策略的難度。

[編輯] 人員（People)
所有的人都直接或間接地被捲入某種服務的消費過程中，這是7P營銷組合很重要的一個觀點。知識工作者、白領雇員、管理人員以及部分消費者將額外的價值增加到了既有的社會總產品或服務的供給中，這部分價值往往非常顯著。

[編輯] 流程（Process）
服務通過一定的程序、機制以及活動得以實現的過程（亦即消費者管理流程），是市場營銷戰略的一個關鍵要素。

[編輯] 環境（Physical Evidence）
包括服務供給得以順利傳送的服務環境，有形商品承載和表達服務的能力，當前消費者的無形消費體驗，以及向潛在顧客傳遞消費滿足感的能力。

[編輯] 4C
包括：

顧客（Customer）
成本（Cost）
溝通（Communication）
便利（convenience)。
加上機會Chance，市場變化Change為6C。

不銷售製造的產品，而要將滿足消費者需求的產品售出；不要依競爭者或者自我的盈利策略定價，而是要通過一系列測試手段了解消費者為滿足需求願付出的成本；不要以自身為出發點，想著網點怎麼布置，採用什麼樣的通路策略，而要關注消費者購買產品的便利性；不是想著如何通過媒體傳播來提升銷量，而要和消費者互動溝通。

[編輯] 營銷種類

[編輯] 整合營銷
整合營銷傳播（Integrated Marketing Communications ）

[編輯] 資料庫營銷（DATABASE MARKETING）

[編輯] 網路營銷（Internet Marketing）
網路營銷是企業整體營銷戰略的一個組成部分，是為實現企業總體經營目標所進行的，以互聯網為基本手段營造網上經營環境的各種活動。

網路營銷的職能包括網站推廣、網路品牌、信息發布、在線調研、顧客關系、顧客服務、銷售渠道、銷售促進八個方面。

Viral Marketing

[編輯] 標竿行銷（Bench Marketing）
由江亘松在＜你的行銷行不行＞提出

以某個市場上已經存在的競爭者為比較基準的行銷方式，例如普騰這家公司於十幾年前提出一句很經典的「Sorry，Sony」到現在還是經常被產業與學術界拿來當作行銷的案例，近年來Audi一直宣稱他們的部分車種在歐洲市場無論在性能或銷售上都令雙B感覺到威脅，這樣的行銷方法就是希望讓那些原本沒有打算買Audi的亞洲買家去思考，為什麼歐洲的消費者願意買的車在亞洲的我們卻沒有給予適當的評價。

當然要提出這樣的行銷方式勢必要先對自己的產品有一定的信心，否則如果「如花」喊出「Sorry林志玲」認同的觀眾應該不會太多吧。

Viral Marketing

[編輯] 直效營銷（DIRECT MARKETING）
根據kotler．keller行銷管理學第12版中譯本

直效行銷（direct marketing）是在沒有中間行銷商的情況下，利用消費者直接（consumer direct,CD）通路來接觸及傳送貨品和服務給客戶。主要通路包括直接信函、型錄、電話推銷，電視購物、小的售票亭、網路和汽車廣告。

直效行銷是互動是行銷系統，利用一種或多種媒體影響任何地區可衡量的回應或交易。特別是在電子行銷中正快速成長。

[編輯] 關系營銷（RELATIONSHIP MARKETING）
在很多情況下，公司並不能尋求即時的交易，所以他們會與長期供應商建立顧客關系。
公司想要展現給顧客的是卓越的服務能力，現在的顧客多是大型且全球性的。他們偏好可以提供不同地區配套產品
或服務的供應商，且可以快速解決各地的問題。
當顧客關系管理計畫被執行時，組織就必須同時注重顧客和產品管理。同時，公司必須明白，雖然關系行銷很重要，
但並不是在任何情況下都會有效的。因此，公司必須評估哪一個部門與哪一種特定的顧客採用關系行銷最有利。

[編輯] 燎原式行銷
由江亘松在＜你的行銷行不行＞提出「燎原式行銷」的重點在於，以自己強大的財力為基礎，先採取競爭對手無法跟隨並獲利的低價策略，逼迫市場競爭者紛紛退出並且樹立警告指標不讓其他潛在業者輕易越矩，這樣在下一個不怕死的競爭者出現之前，就可以創造一個無競爭者的獨占市場。

[編輯] 綠色營銷

[編輯] 社會營銷

[編輯] 營銷社團

[編輯] 市場調研
市場調研又稱營銷調研，指企業在市場營銷決策過程中，需要系統客觀收集和分析有關營銷活動的信息所做的研究。營銷調研活動涉及到產品，廣告，促銷渠道選擇，競爭者等諸多方面。

[編輯] 營銷理論的新發展
病毒式營銷
關系營銷
資料庫營銷
網路營銷
國際營銷
綠色營銷
服務營銷
過程營銷
收益管理
Marketing is an ongoing process of planning and executing the marketing mix (Proct, Price, Place, Promotion) for procts, services or ideas to create exchange between indivials and organizations.

Marketing tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research.

Essentially, marketing is the process of creating or directing an organization to be successful in selling a proct or service that people not only desire, but are willing to buy.

Therefore good marketing must be able to create a "proposition" or set of benefits for the end customer that delivers value through procts or services.

Its specialist areas include:

advertising and branding
communications
database marketing
direct marketing
event organization
field marketing
global marketing
international marketing
internet marketing
instrial marketing
market research
public relations
retailing
search engine marketing
marketing strategy
marketing plan
strategic management
Experiential marketing
Introction
A market-focused, or customer-focused, organization first determines what its potential customers desire, and then builds the proct or service. Marketing theory and practice is justified in the belief that customers use a proct or service because they have a need, or because it provides a perceived benefit.

Two major factors of marketing are the recruitment of new customers (acquisition) and the retention and expansion of relationships with existing customers (base management). Once a marketer has converted the prospective buyer, base management marketing takes over. The process for base management shifts the marketer to building a relationship, nurturing the links, enhancing the benefits that sold the buyer in the first place, and improving the proct/service continuously to protect the business from competitive encroachments.

For a marketing plan to be successful, the mix of the four "Ps" must reflect the wants and desires of the consumers or Shoppers in the target market. Trying to convince a market segment to buy something they don't want is extremely expensive and seldom successful. Marketers depend on insights from marketing research, both formal and informal, to determine what consumers want and what they are willing to pay for. Marketers hope that this process will give them a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing management is the practical application of this process. The offer is also an important addition to the 4P's theory.

Within most organizations, the activities encompassed by the marketing function are led by a Vice President or Director of Marketing. A growing number of organizations, especially large US companies, have a Chief Marketing Officer position, reporting to the Chief Executive Officer.

The American Marketing Association (AMA) states, "Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders.".[1]

Marketing methods are informed by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology is also a small, but growing influence. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. Marketing is a wide and heavily interconnected subject with extensive publications. It is also an area of activity infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.

[edit] Concept of Marketing
Marketing is an instructive business domain that serves to inform and ecate target markets about the value and competitive advantage of a company and its procts. 「Value」 is worth derived by the customer from owning and using the proct. 「Competitive Advantage」 is a depiction that the company or its procts are each doing something better than their competition in a way that could benefit the customer.

Marketing is focused on the task of conveying pertinent company and proct related information to specific customers, and there are a multitude of decisions (strategies) to be made within the marketing domain regarding what information to deliver, how much information to deliver, to whom to deliver, how to deliver, when to deliver, and where to deliver. Once the decisions are made, there are numerous ways (tactics) and processes that could be employed in support of the selected strategies.

The goal of marketing is to build and maintain a preference for a company and its procts within the target markets. The goal of any business is to build mutually profitable and sustainable relationships with its customers. While all business domains are responsible for accomplishing this goal, the marketing domain bears a significant share of the responsibility.

Within the larger scope of its definition, marketing is performed through the actions of three coordinated disciplines named: 「Proct Marketing」, 「Corporate Marketing」, and 「Marketing Communications」. [1]

[edit] Two levels of marketing
Strategic marketing attempts to determine how an organization competes against its competitors in a market place. In particular, it aims at generating a competitive advantage relative to its competitors.

Operational marketing executes marketing functions to attract and keep customers and to maximize the value derived for them, as well as to satisfy the customer with prompt services and meeting the customer expectations. Operational Marketing includes the determination of the porter's five forces

Four Ps
In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a 「Marketing Mix」. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, also at the Harvard Business School in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements: proct, price, place and promotion.

In popular usage, "marketing" is the promotion of procts, especially advertising and branding. However, in professional usage the term has a wider meaning which recognizes that marketing is customer-centered. Procts are often developed to meet the desires of groups of customers or even, in some cases, for specific customers. E. Jerome McCarthy divided marketing into four general sets of activities. His typology has become so universally recognized that his four activity sets, the Four Ps, have passed into the language.

The four Ps are:

Proct: The proct aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants. The scope of a proct generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support.
Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a proct, including discounts. The price need not be monetary - it can simply be what is exchanged for the proct or services, e.g. time, energy, psychology or attention.
Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling, branding and refers to the various methods of promoting the proct, brand, or company.
Placement (or distribution): refers to how the proct gets to the customer; for example, point of sale placement or retailing. This fourth P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a proct or services is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or instry, to which segment (young alts, families, business people), etc.

字數超限

Ⅵ 有關於網路營銷方面的英文文章300字左右，加中文翻譯的！謝謝！！

INTERNET With computer technology and the rapid development of the concept of time and space, the concept of the consumer market and the nature of Dengjie market has undergone profound changes, network marketing came into being. The network also promoted the birth of e-commerce, the rapid development of the network economy. Network marketing companies have therefore become an essential means of market and become the inevitable trend of corporate marketing. Network marketing of traditional marketing model of a certain impact, but also to the SMEs of certain opportunities. This paper analyses the characteristics of the network marketing, analysis of China's SMEs to network marketing of the favorable factors, the status quo, the existing problems on the network marketing to bring the competitive advantages of small and medium enterprises, SMEs in China by the network marketing strategy, from a strategic Analysis of the height of China's SMEs combat the specific network marketing strategy.
隨著計算機技術和INTERNET的迅速發展，時間和空間的概念、消費者的概念、市場的性質和市場行為等皆發生了深刻變化，網路營銷應運而生。網路的誕生也推動了電子商務、網路經濟的飛速發展。網路營銷也因此成為企業角逐市場的必備手段，成為企業營銷的必然趨勢。網路營銷對傳統營銷模式造成了一定的沖擊，同時也給中小企業帶來的一定的機遇。本文分析了網路營銷的特點，分析了我國中小企業開展網路營銷的有利因素、現狀、存在的問題，論述了網路營銷給中小企業帶來的競爭優勢，提出了我國中小企業網路營銷戰略，從戰略的高度分析了我國中小企業網路營銷實戰的具體策略。