市場營銷管理英文文獻

❶ 求兩個關於市場營銷的外文文獻參考，以參考文獻形式發給我就行……如圖

我們圖書館提供國外各類文獻，您可以來查找，然後自行寫出參考文獻

❷ 營銷策略論文參考文獻

營銷策略論文參考文獻

無論是在學校還是在社會中，大家對論文都再熟悉不過了吧，論文是探討問題進行學術研究的一種手段。一篇什麼樣的論文才能稱為優秀論文呢？下面是我為大家整理的營銷策略論文參考文獻，僅供參考，大家一起來看看吧。

營銷策略論文參考文獻1

[1]營銷策略論文參考文獻[1](美)菲利普·科特勒、凱文·萊恩·凱勒.營銷管理.[M].上海:格致出版社,2009.

[2](美)菲利普·科特勒、加里·阿姆斯特朗...市場營銷原理.[M].上海.中國人民大學出版社,2010.

[3](美)傑羅姆麥卡錫.市場營銷學基礎.[M].北京:中國人民大學出版社.

[4]美)邁克爾·波特.競爭戰略.[M].北京:華夏出版社,2005.

[5](美)彼得·德魯克.管理的實踐.[M].北京:機械工業出版社,2009.

[6]餘明陽.市場營銷戰略.[M].北京:清華大學出版社、北京交通大學出版社,2009.

[7]李東紅編.營銷戰略.[M].北京:首都經濟貿易大學出版社.2010.

[8](美)拉里·博西迪.拉姆·查蘭.管理的實踐.[M].北京:中信出版社,2005.

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[27](英)格雷厄姆·胡利、約翰·桑德斯、奈傑爾·皮爾西[M].營銷戰略與競爭定位.北京:中國人民大學出版社,2007.

[28]盧新海.開發區發展與土地利用[M].北京:中國財經經濟出版社,2005. [29}傅強.依託重大項目推動轉型發展[J].科技與出版.2011.

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[4].(英)史密斯等著,方海萍等譯,市場營銷傳播方法與技巧,電子工業出版社,2016年,p134-p168.

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[8].新加坡唐拉爾著,陽水榮等譯,高科技品牌管理:創建新經濟時代強勢品牌,機械工業出版社,2016年,p360-p380.

[9].凌志軍,聯想風雲,中信出版社,2016年,p148-p160.

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[11].劉紅強,戴爾營銷,經濟科學出版,2016年,p39-p45.

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[15].孫在國,體驗經濟與企業營銷戰略的調整,經濟經緯,22016年第1期.

[16].澤絲曼爾,服務營銷,機械工業出版社,2016年,p150-p163.

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營銷策略論文參考文獻4

[1]左仁淑 . 關系營銷 : 服務營銷的理論基礎 . 四川大學學報 , 2004,(4): 19-23

[2]科特勒, 洪瑞雲, 梁紹明等. 市場營銷管理(亞洲版). 第 3 版. 北京:中國人民大學出版社, 2004, 15-35

[3]Heide J B, George J. Do Norms Matter in Marketing Relationships. Journal of Marketing, 1992, 56(2): 32-44

[4]陳紹福, 徐寶瑞. 現代醫院創新經營. 中國醫院管理, 2001, 21(11):60-62

[5]張英. 現代醫院應樹立的十大營銷觀念. 中國衛生產業, 2004, (2):76-78

[6]賈守營 . 金牌醫院商務策劃 . 廣州 : 華南理工大學出版社 , 2005,188-193

[7]科特勒, 洪瑞雲, 梁紹明等. 市場營銷管理(亞洲版). 第 2 版. 北京:中國人民大學出版社, 2001, 55-56

[8]Frank H, Andreas H, Robert E M. Gaining competitive advantagethrough customer value oriented management. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2005, 22(6): 23-24

[9]丁桂蘭. 醫療機構營銷. 北京: 清華大學出版社, 2005, 107-113

[10]Christian Gro nroos. Strategic Management and Marketing in the Service Sector. Cambridge. Mass: Marketing Science Institute, 1983,85-88

[11]Parasuraman A, Valarie A Zeithaml, Leonard L Berry. SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for Measuring Customer Perceptions of Service Quality, Cambridge. Mass: Marketing Science Institute, 1986, 30-32

[12]Liljander Veronica. Comparison Standards in Perceived Service Quality. Helsingfors: Svenska Handelsho gskolan, 1995

[13]Strandvik, Tore. Tolerance Zones In Perceived Service Quality. Helsingfors: Svenska Handelsh gskolan, 1994

[14]菲利普 科特勒 . 營銷管理 . 第九版 . 上海 : 上海人民出版社 ,217-218

[15]Gronroos C. Internal Marketing-Theory and Practice, in American1999 Marketing Association Services Marketing ConferenceProceedings, 1981, 41-47

營銷策略論文參考文獻5

[1][美]沃倫.基根.全球營銷管理[M].北京:清華大學出版社,1997年版.

[2][美]菲力浦.科特勒.市場營銷管理[M]..北京:中國人民大學出版社,996年版.

[3]屈雲波.品牌營銷[M]..北京:.企業管理出版社,1996年版.

[4]李弘,董大海.市場營銷[M].大連:大工出版社,.2000年版.

[5]京華企業咨詢公司(編).品牌巨匠[M].北京:今日中國出版社,1996年版.

[6]湯正如.市場營銷學教學[M]..沈陽:遼寧大學出版社,1993年版.

[7]京華企業咨詢公司(編).品牌巨匠[M].北京:今日中國出版社,1996年版.

[8].朱方明.品牌促銷[M].北京:中國經濟出版社,1998年版.

[9]吳憲和.營銷形象策劃[M].上海:上海財經大學出版社,1998年版.

[10]晃鋼令.營銷戰略策劃[M].上海:上海財經大學出版社,1998年版.

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[12]陳志.中國民營企業品牌戰略[J].當代經理人(中旬刊),2006,(21).

[13]木梓.以品牌戰略推動企業發展[J].信息網路,2007,(3).

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[15]劉新民.我國品牌戰略存在的問題與對策[J].鄭州航空工業管理學院學報,2005,(4).

[16]胡號寰,鍾兆青.中國企業實施品牌戰略的`思考[J].長江大學學報(社會科學版),2005,(6).

[17]董偉達.品牌戰略與企業發展的關系[J].科技與管理,2005,(6).

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[26]Kapferer, J. H Strategic Brand Management, Kogan Page,London.

營銷策略論文參考文獻6

[1]左仁淑 . 關系營銷 : 服務營銷的理論基礎 . 四川大學學報

[2]科特勒, 洪瑞雲, 梁紹明等. 市場營銷管理(亞洲版). 第 3 版. 北京:中國人民大學出版社

[3]Heide J B, George J. Do Norms Matter in Marketing Relationships. Journal of Marketing

[4]陳紹福, 徐寶瑞. 現代醫院創新經營. 中國醫院管理

[5]張英. 現代醫院應樹立的十大營銷觀念. 中國衛生產業

[6]賈守營 . 金牌醫院商務策劃 . 廣州 : 華南理工大學出版社

[7]科特勒, 洪瑞雲, 梁紹明等. 市場營銷管理(亞洲版). 第 2 版. 北京:中國人民大學出版社

[8]Frank H, Andreas H, Robert E M. Gaining competitive advantagethrough customer value oriented management. Journal of Consumer Marketing

[9]丁桂蘭. 醫療機構營銷. 北京: 清華大學出版社

[10]Christian Gro nroos. Strategic Management and Marketing in the Service Sector. Cambridge. Mass: Marketing Science Institute

[11]Parasuraman A, Valarie A Zeithaml, Leonard L Berry. SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for Measuring Customer Perceptions of Service Quality, Cambridge. Mass: Marketing Science Institute

[12]Liljander Veronica. Comparison Standards in Perceived Service Quality. Helsingfors: Svenska Handelsho gskolan

[13]Strandvik, Tore. Tolerance Zones In Perceived Service Quality. Helsingfors: Svenska Handelsh gskolan

[14]菲利普 · 科特勒 . 營銷管理 . 第九版 . 上海 : 上海人民出版社

[15]Gronroos C. Internal Marketing-Theory and Practice, in American1999 Marketing Association Services Marketing ConferenceProceedings

[16]周成紅,肖錦誠 . 談醫療服務市場特徵及營銷策略 . 衛生軟科學

[17]王恕, 陳玉文. 顧客關系管理在醫院營銷中的應用. 國際醫葯衛生導報

[18]張英. 品牌戰略現代醫院營銷利器. 國際醫葯衛生導報

[19]張洪才. 醫院差異化營銷的探討. 衛生經濟研究

[20]朱恆鑫. 醫院經營策略醫院一對一營銷學. 北京: 清華大學出版社

[21]黃國英, 張公惠. 優質服務與三級醫院服務營銷策略的關系. 中國醫院管理

[22]馬淑燕. 現代醫院營銷戰略的實踐與思考. 中國衛生經濟

[23]邁克·波特. 陳小悅譯. 競爭戰略. 北京: 華夏出版社

[24]邱巍, 代維昭. 上海瑞金一哈佛心臟中心市場定位和營銷策略. 上海交通大學學報(醫學版)

[25]張英 . 醫療市場細分與目標醫療市場選擇 . 中華醫院管理雜志

[26]菲利普·科特勒,托馬斯·海斯,保羅·N·布盧姆等著 . 俞利軍譯. 專業服務營銷. 北京: 中信出版社

[27]佩恩. 鄭薇譯. 服務營銷. 2 月版. 北京: 中信出版社

[28]邢永傑,呂愛芝 . 關於醫院服務營銷的分析 . 中華醫院管理雜志

[29]易世志. 淺析波士頓矩陣法的局限. 商業研究

[30]付鳳環,尹世全 . 關系營銷理論對公立專科醫院營銷管理的啟示 .中國腫瘤

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❸ 市場營銷 英文版論文 20000英文字元

市場營銷 Marketing

市場營銷（Marketing）又稱為 市場學、市場行銷或行銷學。簡稱「營銷」，台灣常稱作「行銷」，是指個人或集體通過交易其創造的產品或價值以獲得所需之物實現雙贏或多贏的過程。

權威定義
美國市場營銷協會下的定義是：

行銷是創造、溝通與傳送價值給顧客，及經營顧客關系以便讓組織與其利益關系人受益的一種組織功能與程序

菲利普·科特勒下的定義強調了營銷的價值導向：

市場營銷是個人和集體通過創造，提供出售，並同別人交換和價值，以獲得其所需所欲之物的一種社會和管理過程。

而格隆羅斯給的定義強調了營銷的目的：

營銷是在一種利益之上下，通過相互交換和承諾，建立、維持、鞏固與消費者及其他參與者的關系，實現各方的目的)。

[編輯] 新式定義
台灣的江亘松在＜你的行銷行不行＞中強調行銷的變動性，利用行銷的英文 Marketing 作了下面的定義

「什麼是行銷？」就字面上來說，「行銷」的英文是「Marketing」，若把 Marketing 這個字拆成 Market（市場）與 ing（英文的現在進行式表示方法）這兩個部分，那行銷可以用「市場的現在進行式」來表達產品、價格、促銷、通路的變動性導致供需雙方的微妙關系。

＜你的行銷行不行＞ISBN: 978-986-82609-5-5，理財文化, 2007.08 出版

[編輯] 市場營銷理論發展的四個階段
初創階段(1900年—1920年)
功能研究階段(1921年—1945年)
現代市場營銷學形成和發展階段(1945年—1980年)
營銷擴展階段(1980年以後)

[編輯] 市場與需求
市場營銷學中的市場可以等同於需求，即研究消費者的現實需求和潛在需求。

美國市場營銷協會(AMA)的定義委員會1960年對市場提出以下的定義：

「 市場是指一種貨物或勞務的潛在購買者的集合需求。 」

菲利普·科特勒把市場定義為

「 市場是指某種產品的所有實際的和潛在的購買者的集合。 」

[編輯] 市場的類型
市場從不同角度，可以劃分為不同的類型。其中按商品的基本屬性可劃分為一般商品市場和特殊商品市場。一般商品市場指狹義的商品市場，即貨物市場，包括消費品市場和工業品市場；特殊商品市場指為滿足消費者的資金需要和服務需要而形成的市場，包括資本市場，勞動力市場和技術信息市場。對以上兩種市場作分析時一般要研究消費者市場，產業市場和政府市場。

市場營銷環境分析常用的方法為SWOT分析方法，它是英文Strength(優勢)、Weakness(劣勢)、Opportunity(機會)、Threaten(威脅)的意思。從內部環境分析優劣勢，從外部環境分析機會與威脅。

[編輯] 市場營銷策略
營銷組合的四個因素常稱作4P，即：

產品（Proct)
價格 (Price)
推廣 (Promotion)
通路與配銷 (Place&Distribution)
這四個因素應用到營銷過程中，就形成了四方面的營銷策略。加上政治POLITICS和公共關系PUBLIC，是為6P。

1981年布姆斯（Booms）和比特納（Bitner）建議在傳統市場營銷理論4Ps的基礎上增加三個「服務性的P」，即：人員(People)、流程(Process)、環境(或是或實體環境；Physical evidence)。

根據與市場競爭對手對抗的需要而制定富有競爭力的產品、價格、渠道和促銷政策。這一時期誕生了著名的4P理論。當時還是大眾媒體盛行的時代，依靠大眾媒體促進銷售，無差異化策略成為這一階段的明顯特徵。

[編輯] 產品
產品策略主要研究新產品開發，產品生命周期，品牌策略等，是價格策略，促銷策略和分銷策略的基礎。

[編輯] 價格
價格策略又稱定價策略，主要研究產品的定價、調價等[[市場營銷工具]

[編輯] 推廣
推廣是將組織與產品訊息傳播給目標市場的活動，它主要的焦點在於溝通。透過推廣，企業試圖讓消費者知曉、了解、喜愛或購買產品，進而影響產品的知名度、形象、銷售量，乃至於企業的生長與生存。有了推廣，消費者才可得知產品提供何種利益、價格多少、可以到什麼地方購買及如何購買等，而這些消費者反應會進一步協助推動其他行銷組合(產品、價格、通路)。

[編輯] 通路
又稱渠道策略，也稱為促銷。它代表企業（機構）在將自身產品送抵最終消費者之前，所制定的與各類分銷商之間的貿易關系、成本分攤和利益分配方式的綜合體系。這里的分銷商既包含批發商，也包含零售商，甚至包含物流配送商和直銷公司的直銷人員。

企業制定分銷政策的目的是：讓產品更順暢地到達顧客手中，既要保證分銷成本低廉，又要保證顧客對送貨期、送貨量、裝配服務、疑難咨詢等方面的要求。

在產品日益豐富的情況下，分銷政策可能變得越來越難制定，因為相對於產品和品牌的過量，分銷商則顯得稀少，因而後者擁有了大量討價還價的權力，力圖從製造商或上游企業那裡獲得更大的利益分成比例。

零售商在最近10年的表現尤其令人矚目，它們不僅從事零售，也開始插手於產品的上游生產過程，並以自己的店鋪名稱或獨創名稱作為自己所產新品的品牌——即自有品牌（private brand/label），或叫店鋪品牌（store brand/label）。這更深地威脅到了純粹的製造企業的利潤空間，當然也大大增加了後者制定分銷策略的難度。

[編輯] 人員（People)
所有的人都直接或間接地被捲入某種服務的消費過程中，這是7P營銷組合很重要的一個觀點。知識工作者、白領雇員、管理人員以及部分消費者將額外的價值增加到了既有的社會總產品或服務的供給中，這部分價值往往非常顯著。

[編輯] 流程（Process）
服務通過一定的程序、機制以及活動得以實現的過程（亦即消費者管理流程），是市場營銷戰略的一個關鍵要素。

[編輯] 環境（Physical Evidence）
包括服務供給得以順利傳送的服務環境，有形商品承載和表達服務的能力，當前消費者的無形消費體驗，以及向潛在顧客傳遞消費滿足感的能力。

[編輯] 4C
包括：

顧客（Customer）
成本（Cost）
溝通（Communication）
便利（convenience)。
加上機會Chance，市場變化Change為6C。

不銷售製造的產品，而要將滿足消費者需求的產品售出；不要依競爭者或者自我的盈利策略定價，而是要通過一系列測試手段了解消費者為滿足需求願付出的成本；不要以自身為出發點，想著網點怎麼布置，採用什麼樣的通路策略，而要關注消費者購買產品的便利性；不是想著如何通過媒體傳播來提升銷量，而要和消費者互動溝通。

[編輯] 營銷種類

[編輯] 整合營銷
整合營銷傳播（Integrated Marketing Communications ）

[編輯] 資料庫營銷（DATABASE MARKETING）

[編輯] 網路營銷（Internet Marketing）
網路營銷是企業整體營銷戰略的一個組成部分，是為實現企業總體經營目標所進行的，以互聯網為基本手段營造網上經營環境的各種活動。

網路營銷的職能包括網站推廣、網路品牌、信息發布、在線調研、顧客關系、顧客服務、銷售渠道、銷售促進八個方面。

Viral Marketing

[編輯] 標竿行銷（Bench Marketing）
由江亘松在＜你的行銷行不行＞提出

以某個市場上已經存在的競爭者為比較基準的行銷方式，例如普騰這家公司於十幾年前提出一句很經典的「Sorry，Sony」到現在還是經常被產業與學術界拿來當作行銷的案例，近年來Audi一直宣稱他們的部分車種在歐洲市場無論在性能或銷售上都令雙B感覺到威脅，這樣的行銷方法就是希望讓那些原本沒有打算買Audi的亞洲買家去思考，為什麼歐洲的消費者願意買的車在亞洲的我們卻沒有給予適當的評價。

當然要提出這樣的行銷方式勢必要先對自己的產品有一定的信心，否則如果「如花」喊出「Sorry林志玲」認同的觀眾應該不會太多吧。

Viral Marketing

[編輯] 直效營銷（DIRECT MARKETING）
根據kotler．keller行銷管理學第12版中譯本

直效行銷（direct marketing）是在沒有中間行銷商的情況下，利用消費者直接（consumer direct,CD）通路來接觸及傳送貨品和服務給客戶。主要通路包括直接信函、型錄、電話推銷，電視購物、小的售票亭、網路和汽車廣告。

直效行銷是互動是行銷系統，利用一種或多種媒體影響任何地區可衡量的回應或交易。特別是在電子行銷中正快速成長。

[編輯] 關系營銷（RELATIONSHIP MARKETING）
在很多情況下，公司並不能尋求即時的交易，所以他們會與長期供應商建立顧客關系。
公司想要展現給顧客的是卓越的服務能力，現在的顧客多是大型且全球性的。他們偏好可以提供不同地區配套產品
或服務的供應商，且可以快速解決各地的問題。
當顧客關系管理計畫被執行時，組織就必須同時注重顧客和產品管理。同時，公司必須明白，雖然關系行銷很重要，
但並不是在任何情況下都會有效的。因此，公司必須評估哪一個部門與哪一種特定的顧客採用關系行銷最有利。

[編輯] 燎原式行銷
由江亘松在＜你的行銷行不行＞提出「燎原式行銷」的重點在於，以自己強大的財力為基礎，先採取競爭對手無法跟隨並獲利的低價策略，逼迫市場競爭者紛紛退出並且樹立警告指標不讓其他潛在業者輕易越矩，這樣在下一個不怕死的競爭者出現之前，就可以創造一個無競爭者的獨占市場。

[編輯] 綠色營銷

[編輯] 社會營銷

[編輯] 營銷社團

[編輯] 市場調研
市場調研又稱營銷調研，指企業在市場營銷決策過程中，需要系統客觀收集和分析有關營銷活動的信息所做的研究。營銷調研活動涉及到產品，廣告，促銷渠道選擇，競爭者等諸多方面。

[編輯] 營銷理論的新發展
病毒式營銷
關系營銷
資料庫營銷
網路營銷
國際營銷
綠色營銷
服務營銷
過程營銷
收益管理

Marketing is an ongoing process of planning and executing the marketing mix (Proct, Price, Place, Promotion) for procts, services or ideas to create exchange between indivials and organizations.

Marketing tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research.

Essentially, marketing is the process of creating or directing an organization to be successful in selling a proct or service that people not only desire, but are willing to buy.

Therefore good marketing must be able to create a "proposition" or set of benefits for the end customer that delivers value through procts or services.

Its specialist areas include:

advertising and branding
communications
database marketing
direct marketing
event organization
field marketing
global marketing
international marketing
internet marketing
instrial marketing
market research
public relations
retailing
search engine marketing
marketing strategy
marketing plan
strategic management
Experiential marketing
Social Influence Marketing

Contents [hide]
1 Introction
2 Concept of Marketing
3 Two levels of marketing
4 Four Ps
4.1 Seven Ps
5 Four New Ps
6 Proct
6.1 Scope
6.2 Steps in proct design
7 Packaging
7.1 Requirements of good packaging
7.2 Forms of packaging
8 Trademarks
8.1 Significance of a trademark
9 Brands
10 Pricing
10.1 Objectives
10.2 Factors influencing price-determination
10.3 Steps to determine price
11 Distribution (Place)
11.1 Channels
11.2 Manufacturers
11.2.1 Reasons for direct selling methods
11.2.2 Reasons for indirect selling methods
11.3 Wholesalers
11.3.1 Reasons for using wholesalers
11.3.2 Reasons for bypassing wholesalers
11.3.3 Ways of bypassing wholesalers
11.4 Agents
12 Marketing communications
12.1 Advertising
12.1.1 Functions and advantages of successful advertising
12.1.2 Objectives
12.1.3 Requirements of a good advertisement
12.1.4 Eight steps in an advertising campaign
12.2 Personal sales
12.3 Sales promotion
12.4 Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
13 Customer focus
14 Proct focus
15 See also
16 Related lists
17 References

[edit] Introction
A market-focused, or customer-focused, organization first determines what its potential customers desire, and then builds the proct or service. Marketing theory and practice is justified in the belief that customers use a proct or service because they have a need, or because it provides a perceived benefit.

Two major factors of marketing are the recruitment of new customers (acquisition) and the retention and expansion of relationships with existing customers (base management). Once a marketer has converted the prospective buyer, base management marketing takes over. The process for base management shifts the marketer to building a relationship, nurturing the links, enhancing the benefits that sold the buyer in the first place, and improving the proct/service continuously to protect the business from competitive encroachments.

For a marketing plan to be successful, the mix of the four "Ps" must reflect the wants and desires of the consumers or Shoppers in the target market. Trying to convince a market segment to buy something they don't want is extremely expensive and seldom successful. Marketers depend on insights from marketing research, both formal and informal, to determine what consumers want and what they are willing to pay for. Marketers hope that this process will give them a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing management is the practical application of this process. The offer is also an important addition to the 4P's theory.

Within most organizations, the activities encompassed by the marketing function are led by a Vice President or Director of Marketing. A growing number of organizations, especially large US companies, have a Chief Marketing Officer position, reporting to the Chief Executive Officer.

The American Marketing Association (AMA) states, "Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders."[1]

Marketing methods are informed by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology is also a small, but growing influence. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. Marketing is a wide and heavily interconnected subject with extensive publications. It is also an area of activity infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.

[edit] Concept of Marketing
Marketing is an instructive business domain that serves to inform and ecate target markets about the value and competitive advantage of a company and its procts. 「Value」 is worth derived by the customer from owning and using the proct. 「Competitive Advantage」 is a depiction that the company or its procts are each doing something better than their competition in a way that could benefit the customer.

Marketing is focused on the task of conveying pertinent company and proct related information to specific customers, and there are a multitude of decisions (strategies) to be made within the marketing domain regarding what information to deliver, how much information to deliver, to whom to deliver, how to deliver, to deliver, and where to deliver. Once the decisions are made, there are numerous ways (tactics) and processes that could be employed in support of the selected strategies.

The goal of marketing is to build and maintain a preference for a company and its procts within the target markets. The goal of any business is to build mutually profitable and sustainable relationships with its customers. While all business domains are responsible for accomplishing this goal, the marketing domain bears a significant share of the responsibility.

Within the larger scope of its definition, marketing is performed through the actions of three coordinated disciplines named: 「Proct Marketing」, 「Corporate Marketing」, and 「Marketing Communications」. [2]

[edit] Two levels of marketing
Strategic marketing: attempts to determine how an organization competes against its competitors in a market place. In particular, it aims at generating a competitive advantage relative to its competitors.

Operational marketing: executes marketing functions to attract and keep customers and to maximize the value derived for them, as well as to satisfy the customer with prompt services and meeting the customer expectations. Operational Marketing includes the determination of the porter's five forces

[

❹ 急求關於市場營銷或則房地產相關的英文論文

Marketing is an integrated communications-based process through which indivials and communities discover that existing and newly-identified needs and wants may be satisfied by the procts and services of others.

Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. [1] The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to market, as in shopping, or going to a market to buy or sell goods or services.

Marketing practice tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research. Seen from a systems point of view, sales process engineering views marketing as a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions[2], whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new approaches.

Marketing is influenced by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology and neuroscience are also small but growing influences. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. The marketing literature is also infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.

Contents [hide]
1 Four Ps
2 Proct
2.1 Branding
3 Marketing communications
3.1 Advertising
3.1.1 Functions and advantages of successful advertising
3.1.2 Objectives
3.1.3 Requirements of a good advertisement
3.1.4 Eight steps in an advertising campaign
3.2 Personal sales
3.3 Sales promotion
3.4 Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
4 Customer focus
5 Proct focus
6 Areas of marketing specialization
7 See also
8 Related lists
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links

[edit] Four Ps
Main article: Marketing mix
In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a 「Marketing Mix」. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, also at the Harvard Business School in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements: proct, price, place and promotion.

Proct: The proct aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants. The scope of a proct generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support.
Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a proct, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the proct or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention. Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing science.
Placement (or distribution): refers to how the proct gets to the customer; for example, point-of-sale placement or retailing. This third P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a proct or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or instry, to which segment (young alts, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the proct is sold in can affect sales.
Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling. Branding refers to the various methods of promoting the proct, brand, or company.
These four elements are often referred to as the marketing mix,[3] which a marketer can use to craft a marketing plan.

The four Ps model is most useful when marketing low value consumer procts. Instrial procts, services, high value consumer procts require adjustments to this model. Services marketing must account for the unique nature of services.

Instrial or B2B marketing must account for the long term contractual agreements that are typical in supply chain transactions. Relationship marketing attempts to do this by looking at marketing from a long term relationship perspective rather than indivial transactions.

As a counter to this, Morgan, in Riding the Waves of Change (Jossey-Bass, 1988), suggests that one of the greatest limitations of the 4 Ps approach "is that it unconsciously emphasizes the inside–out view (looking from the company outwards), whereas the essence of marketing should be the outside–in approach".

[edit] Proct
Main article: New Proct Development

[edit] Branding
Main article: Brand
A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes procts and services from competitive offerings. A brand represents the consumers' experience with an organization, proct, or service. A brand is more than a name, design or symbol. Brand reflects personality of the company which is organizational culture.

A brand has also been defined as an identifiable entity that makes a specific value based on promises made and kept either actively or passively.

Branding means creating reference of certain procts in mind.

Co-branding involves marketing activity involving two or more procts.

[edit] Marketing communications
Marketing communications breaks down the strategies involved with marketing messages into categories based on the goals of each message. There are distinct stages in converting strangers to customers that govern the communication medium that should be used.

[edit] Advertising
Paid form of public presentation and expressive promotion of ideas
Aimed at masses
Manufacturer may determine what goes into advertisement
Pervasive and impersonal medium

[edit] Functions and advantages of successful advertising
Task of the salesman made easier
Maximize sales
Publicity
Brand building
Create awareness
Persuade buyers
Introction of new proct
Enable market leadership
To face competition
To inform changes
To counteract to competitors advertisement
To enhance goodwill

[edit] Objectives
Maintain demand for well-known goods
Introce new and unknown goods
Increase demand for well-known goods/procts/services

[edit] Requirements of a good advertisement
The AIDA principle. Attention, Interest, Desire and Action

Attract attention (awareness)
Stimulate interest
Create a desire
Bring about action (to buy the proct)

[edit] Eight steps in an advertising campaign
Market research
Setting out aims
Budgeting
Choice of media (television, newspaper/magazines, radio, web, outdoor)
Choice of actors and players (New Trend)
Design and wording
Co-ordination
Test results

[edit] Personal sales
Oral presentation given by a salesperson who approaches indivials or a group of potential customers:

Live, interactive relationship
Personal interest
Attention and response
Interesting presentation
Clear and thorough.

[edit] Sales promotion
Short-term incentives to encourage buying of procts:

Instant appeal
Anxiety to sell
An example is coupons or a sale. People are given an incentive to buy, but this does not build customer loyalty or encourage future repeat buys. A major drawback of sales promotion is that it is easily copied by competition. It cannot be used as a sustainable source of differentiation.

[edit] Marketing Public Relations (MPR)
Stimulation of demand through press release giving a favourable report to a proct
Higher degree of credibility
Effectively news
Boosts enterprise's image

[edit] Customer focus
Many companies today have a customer focus (or market orientation). This implies that the company focuses its activities and procts on consumer demands. Generally there are three ways of doing this: the customer-driven approach, the sense of identifying market changes and the proct innovation approach.

In the consumer-driven approach, consumer wants are the drivers of all strategic marketing decisions. No strategy is pursued until it passes the test of consumer research. Every aspect of a market offering, including the nature of the proct itself, is driven by the needs of potential consumers. The starting point is always the consumer. The rationale for this approach is that there is no point spending R&D funds developing procts that people will not buy. History attests to many procts that were commercial failures in spite of being technological breakthroughs.[4]

A formal approach to this customer-focused marketing is known as SIVA[5] (Solution, Information, Value, Access). This system is basically the four Ps renamed and reworded to provide a customer focus.

The SIVA Model provides a demand/customer centric version alternative to the well-known 4Ps supply side model (proct, price, place, promotion) of marketing management.

Proct → Solution
Promotion → Information
Price → Value
Placement → Access

The four elements of the SIVA model are:

Solution: How appropriate is the solution to the customer's problem/need?
Information: Does the customer know about the solution? If so, how and from whom do they know enough to let them make a buying decision?
Value: Does the customer know the value of the transaction, what it will cost, what are the benefits, what might they have to sacrifice, what will be their reward?
Access: Where can the customer find the solution? How easily/locally/remotely can they buy it and take delivery?
This model was proposed by Chekitan Dev and Don Schultz in the Marketing Management Journal of the American Marketing Association, and presented by them in Market Leader, the journal of the Marketing Society in the UK.

[edit] Proct focus
In a proct innovation approach, the company pursues proct innovation, then tries to develop a market for the proct. Proct innovation drives the process and marketing research is concted primarily to ensure that profitable market segment(s) exist for the innovation. The rationale is that customers may not know what options will be available to them in the future so we should not expect them to tell us what they will buy in the future. However, marketers can aggressively over-pursue proct innovation and try to overcapitalize on a niche. When pursuing a proct innovation approach, marketers must ensure that they have a varied and multi-tiered approach to proct innovation. It is claimed that if Thomas Edison depended on marketing research he would have proced larger candles rather than inventing light bulbs. Many firms, such as research and development focused companies, successfully focus on proct innovation. Many purists doubt whether this is really a form of marketing orientation at all, because of the ex post status of consumer research. Some even question whether it is marketing.

An emerging area of study and practice concerns internal marketing, or how employees are trained and managed to deliver the brand in a way that positively impacts the acquisition and retention of customers (employer branding).
Diffusion of innovations research explores how and why people adopt new procts, services and ideas.
A relatively new form of marketing uses the Internet and is called Internet marketing or more generally e-marketing, affiliate marketing, desktop advertising or online marketing. It tries to perfect the segmentation strategy used in traditional marketing. It targets its audience more precisely, and is sometimes called personalized marketing or one-to-one marketing.
With consumers' eroding attention span and willingness to give time to advertising messages, marketers are turning to forms of permission marketing such as branded content, custom media and reality marketing.
The use of herd behavior in marketing.
The Economist reported a recent conference in Rome on the subject of the simulation of adaptive human behavior.[6] It shared mechanisms to increase impulse buying and get people "to buy more by playing on the herd instinct." The basic idea is that people will buy more of procts that are seen to be popular, and several feedback mechanisms to get proct popularity information to consumers are mentioned, including smart-cart technology and the use of Radio Frequency Identification Tag technology. A "swarm-moves" model was introced by a Princeton researcher, which is appealing to supermarkets because it can "increase sales without the need to give people discounts." Large retailers Wal-Mart in the United States and Tesco in Britain plan to test the technology in spring 2007 .
Marketing is also used to promote business' procts and is a great way to promote the business.

Other recent studies on the "power of social influence" include an "artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs" (Columbia University, New York); a Japanese chain of convenience stores which orders its procts based on "sales data from department stores and research companies;" a Massachusetts company exploiting knowledge of social networking to improve sales; and online retailers who are increasingly informing consumers about "which procts are popular with like-minded consumers" (e.g., Amazon, eBay).

❺ marketing 市場營銷論文 要英文版的

With the development of IT technology, business to the increasingly rapid pace of change to the network, and now we have entered the information age, speed has become our constant pursuit of direction. For each enterprise essential to marketing departments in order to advance the pace of change even more in, people began to network marketing transformation.

Some experts said that in the Internet age of today's Internet Marketing will soon replace the traditional marketing methods and become the main theme of the market. Because people can see the advantages of the network marketing, in-house, departments, and between all departments of the Internet to share information, but also shorten the time for the transmission of information. Thus greatly improving the efficiency of the computer above the company can build up a database, there are customers inside the basic information and consumer information records and is concive to the implementation of one-on-one marketing, for better customer service. At the same time also allow customers to feel he is very business-to-the mind, increase customer loyalty and sales network for the same very attractive, it may omit many brokers, such as wholesalers, distributors, retailers and even And to directly face the customer. Thus greatly rece the cost, the enterprise's procts more competitive to achieve greater sales, and more importantly is able to get the fastest rate of customer feedback to enable enterprises to adapt to market the proct more demand e to enterprises Always walk in the forefront of the market.

Some experts say that may be. Network marketing is some advantage, but his shortcomings but can not be ignored. Network can get market information faster, but the network sales increase sales but can not agree with. They believe that this network has only the most cutting-edge things. Most people have not accepted this approach. It is also not in the habit of online shopping, the things on these virtual lack of trust, they believe that the reality is quite the thing. Life, if I bought What is the problem with the quality of things you can find manufacturers directly, or find a vendor, and will soon receive a response. I do not know that the Internet can be the Whom do I contact, how to find, when a reply » Some say things simply do not fit in online sales, proction companies such as Coca-Cola drinks, I Xianghe when casually into stores or supermarkets which can be bought, it has more convenient, however, how to simplify the sales process? » Everyone knows that there is no need of. If you get the trust of customers, to the extent possible, satisfy the customer, then I think the most effective way is not to rece costs, as long as you in every corner of the world placed on Coke, so that people no matter what time any place as long as the wish to Drink will be able to see it and that is the biggest customer satisfaction, not only rece costs but forgot the more important in the market.

Network development is fast, according to the computer penetration rate is now to complete the transition to the network also needs a long time, not to mention to our Chinese enterprises. Network marketing is a great potential, but also可要not fully developed, the traditional marketing methods will still dominate, the network marketing soon replace the traditional marketing is not realistic. Perhaps the best marketing is not marketing, not traditional marketing, I think they can complement each other, Gequ director, perhaps the most promising is the best way of marketing it.

中文

隨著IT技術的發展，企業以越來越快的速度向網路化轉變，現在我們已經進入了信息時代，速度更成了我們不斷追求的方向。而對於每個企業必不可少的市場營銷部門在以更超前的速度轉變著，人們開始向網路營銷轉化。

有的專家說，在網路時代的今天網路營銷會很快的替代傳統的營銷方式而成為市場的主旋律。因為人們可以看到了網路營銷的優勢， 在企業內部 ，部門和部門之間都相互聯網有利於信息共享 ，也縮短了信息傳遞的時間。 從而大大提高了工作效率， 可以在公司電腦上面建立資料庫，里邊存有客戶的基本資料和消費信息紀錄 ，有利於實施一對一營銷，從而更好的為客戶服務。同時也能讓客戶感受到企業對他是相當的在乎， 更提高了客戶的忠誠度 ，而對於網路銷售同樣很有誘惑力，它可以省略許多中間商，象批發商 、經銷商、 甚至是零售商， 而直接面對客戶。從而大大降低了成本，企業的產品更有競爭力取得更大的銷售業績，而更主要的是能以最快的速度得到客戶的反饋信息，使企業的產品更適應市場的需求，而使企業總是走在市場的最前列。

可有的專家卻認為。網路營銷是有一些優勢，但他的缺點卻不容忽視。網路化是可以更快的得到市場信息， 但網路銷售提高銷售業績卻不堪贊同。他們認為，網路化今天卻只是最前沿的東西。大部分的人還沒有接受這種方式。人們還不太習慣在網上購物，他們對這些虛擬的東西缺乏信任，他們還是比較相信現實中存在的東西。生活中，如果我買了東西質量有什麼問題直接就可以找廠家， 或者找賣主 ，而且會很快的得到答復。可網上我不知道該找誰，怎麼找，什麼時候有答復？再說有的東西根本就不適合在網上銷售，比如可口可樂公司生產的飲品， 我想喝的時候隨便進哪個商店或者超市都能買到，這已經再方便不過了，還要怎麼簡化銷售過程嗎？誰都知道沒有必要了。你要想得到顧客的信任，想盡可能的滿足顧客，那麼我想最有效的方法不是去降低成本，只要你在世界的每個角落都擺放上可樂，讓人們不論在什麼時間什麼地點只要想喝就能夠看到它那就是對顧客最大的滿足，不要只顧著降低成本而卻忘了更重要的市場佔有率。

網路化發展的的確快，可按照現在的電腦普及率要完全的向網路化轉變還需要相當長的時間，更何況對我們中國的企業。網路營銷確實潛力很大，可要完全開發卻也不易，傳統的營銷方式還是會佔主導地位，網路營銷很快的取代傳統的營銷是不現實的。也許最好的營銷方式不是網路營銷，也不是傳統營銷，我覺得他們完全可以相互補充，各取所長，也許那才是最好最有前途的營銷方式吧。

❻ 零售營銷的參考文獻

關於零售營銷的參考文獻

一篇論文中幾乎自始至終都有需要引用參考文獻之處。如論文引言中應引上對本題最重要、最直接有關的文獻;在方法中應引上所採用或借鑒的方法;在結果中有時要引上與文獻對比的資料;在討論中更應引上與 論文有關的各種支持的或有矛盾的結果或觀點等。以下就是我為大家帶來的關於零售營銷的參考文獻，希望大家喜歡!

零售營銷的參考文獻 篇1

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[4]. 張兵.傳統零售企業的戰略轉型[J].企業改革與管理,2000

[5]. 畢紅毅,孫明岳.我國零售業發展現狀、存在問題及發展思路[J].山東財政學院學報，2009

[6]. 李嶙屹.電子商務環境下蘇寧電器戰略轉型的研究[D].上海:華東理工大學,2011

[7]. 張向陽.我國傳統零售企業轉型網上零售模式的問題與對策研究[J],2012

[8]. 汪孔文.互聯網環境下零售商業模式創新[D].福建:華倫大學,2011

[9]. Martin V. Deise.電子商務管理者指南從戰術到戰略[M].黃京華譯,北京:清華大學出版社,2002

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[11].宋倩,王能.互聯網條件下國內零售企業商業模式創新[J].電子商務,2013

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[13].姚遠.我國大型網上零售企業的網路營銷策略研究[D].遼寧:東北財經大學,2001

[14].沈瑞山.電子商務的發展對市場營銷的影響[J].華東經濟管理,2004,18(3)

[15].陳捷.傳統中小企業電子商務模式初探[J].電子商務,2010,(6)

零售營銷的參考文獻 篇2

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[17].張秋蓉.試論企業電子商務的風險控制[J].雲南則一貿學院學報,2001,(S2)

[18].Amit R,Zott C. Value creation in e-business[J].Strategic Man Journa1,2001,(22)

[19].張喜征,傅榮,胡湘雲,胡南相.網路營銷中的信任傳遞模式與策略分析[J].商業研究,2006,(9)

[20].菲利普科特勒.營銷管理[M].北京:我國人民大學出版社,2009

[21].高世寧.典型零售企業盈利模式分析[J].當代經濟研究,2007(03)

[22].戚安邦.項目評估學[M].天津:南開大學出版社,2006

[23].Viktor Mayer-SchSnberger,Kenneth Cukier.大數據時代:生活、工作與思維的大變革[M].盛楊燕,周濤譯.杭州:浙江人民出版社,2013

[24].2013 年度我國網路零售市場數據監測報告[R].杭州:我國電子商務研究中心,2014

[25].李雨婦.家電連鎖產業的行業集中度發展研究[J].現代商業,2012(20)

[26].袁峰,宿愷.電子商務企業風險防範體系研究[J].物流科技,2004(6)

[27].黃敏學.電子商務[M].北京:高等教育出版社.2001

[28].章佳元.傳統零售企業線上線下協同發展的商業模式研究:以蘇寧為例[D].浙江工業大學經貿學院,2013

[29].程光.我國大型百貨業電子商務發展研究[D].北京:首都經濟貿易大學經濟學院,2012

[30].Efraim Turban,David King.電子商務:管理視角(原書第 5 版)[M].嚴建援譯,北京:機械工業出版社,2010

拓展：大數據論文參考文獻

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[2] 劉洋. 層次混合存儲系統中緩存和預取技術研究[D]. 華中科技大學 2013

[3] 李懷陽. 進化存儲系統數據組織模式研究[D]. 華中科技大學 2006

[4] 鄧勇強，朱光喜，劉文明. LDPC碼的.低復雜度解碼演算法研究[J]. 計算機科學. 2006（07）

[5] 陸承濤. 存儲系統性能管理問題的研究[D]. 華中科技大學 2010

[6] 羅東健. 大規模存儲系統高可靠性關鍵技術研究[D]. 華中科技大學 2011

[7] 王健宗. 雲存儲服務質量的若干關鍵問題研究[D]. 華中科技大學 2012

[8] 余雪裡. 金屬氧化物pn異質結對光電響應與氣體敏感特性的作用[D]. 華中科技大學 2014

[9] 王瑋. 基於內容關聯密鑰的視頻版權保護技術研究[D]. 華中科技大學 2014

[10] 韓林. 雲存儲移動終端的固態緩存系統研究[D]. 華中科技大學 2014

[11] 田寬. 宮內節育器用Cu/LDPE復合材料的表面改性研究[D]. 華中科技大學 2013

[12] 聶雪軍. 內容感知存儲系統中信息生命周期管理關鍵技術研究[D]. 華中科技大學 2010

[13] 王鵬. 低密度奇偶校驗碼應用於存儲系統的關鍵技術研究[D]. 華中科技大學 2013

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[16] 王玉林. 多節點容錯存儲系統的數據與緩存組織研究[D]. 電子科技大學 2010

[17] 田敬. 對等存儲系統中的數據可用性與安全性研究[D]. 北京大學 2007

[18] 傅穎勛，羅聖美，舒繼武. 安全雲存儲系統與關鍵技術綜述[J]. 計算機研究與發展. 2013（01）

[19] 楊黎. 金屬氧化物半導體多孔膜材料氣敏過程中的導電行為研究[D]. 華中科技大學 2013

[20] 聶雪軍. 內容感知存儲系統中信息信息生命周期管理關鍵技術研究[D]. 華中科技大學 2011

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[22] Liping Xiang,Yinlong Xu,John C. S. Lui,Qian Chang,Yubiao Pan,Runhui Li. A Hybrid Approach to Failed Disk Recovery Using RAID-6 Codes[J]. ACM Transactions on Storage （TOS） . 2011 （3）

[23] Liping Xiang,Yinlong Xu,John C.S. Lui,Qian Chang. Optimal recovery of single disk failure in RDP code storage systems[J]. ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review . 2010 （1）

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[26] 任勁，謝長生，李為. iSCSI協議及其Linux下的實現[J]. 小型微型計算機系統. 2003（07）

;

❼ 有誰知道關於市場營銷渠道研究的一些外文文獻求助！提供一些吧。

[1] 菲利普•科特勒, 郭碧翔. 市場營銷的產生與發展[J]. 商業研究, 1985,(02)
[2] 雒永信. 搞好市場營銷 促進經濟發展[J]. 彭城職業大學學報, 1996,(04)
[3] 范麗亞. 如何強化市場營銷[J]. 現代金融, 2004,(02)
[4] 張慶勝. 論市場營銷中的亮點廣告[J]. 金融與經濟, 2005,(04)
[5] 葉文琴. 要區分廣義推銷和狹義推銷[J]. 公關世界, 1996,(10)
[6] 周靜. 說說市場營銷與推銷[J]. 新農業, 2001,(05)
[7] 奚中利. 淺議對市場營銷的再認識[J]. 新疆金融, 2005,(03)
[8] 王利. [市場營銷知識講座二] 對市場營銷的理解[J]. 改革與理論, 1996,(03)
[9] 連朝勃. 市場營銷新觀念[J]. 農機質量與監督, 1998,(01)
[10] 張明毅. 關於市場營銷工作的幾點思考[J]. 煤炭經濟研究, 1999,(01)

[1] 羅國民. 中國市場營銷發展趨勢探索[J]. 南開管理評論, 2000,(02) .
[2] 蘇文浩,潘城文,黃金鋁,張敏. 中國市場營銷理論發展的趨勢探討及其前瞻性分析[J]. 和田師范專科學校學報, 2006,(06) .
[3] 溫鳳雷. 市場營銷發展新趨勢探索[J]. 中國科技信息, 2005,(03) .
[4] 陳巍. 市場營銷發展新趨勢[J]. 市場研究, 2007,(09) .
[5] 孫巧霞. 市場營銷的發展趨勢[J]. 中國有色金屬, 2006,(07) .
[6] 楊淑紅. 淺析我國市場營銷的現狀及發展趨勢[J]. 科技資訊, 2007,(12) .
[7] 肖創林. 淺談市場營銷的發展趨勢[J]. 科技經濟市場, 2006,(10) .
[8]市場營銷十大趨勢[J]. 農化新世紀, 2007,(03) .
[9] 白素傑,郭鵬. 淺談新經濟時代的五大營銷理念[J]. 經濟師, 2004,(11) .
[10] 郭小鵬. 新經濟時代市場營銷發展新趨勢[J]. 現代焊接, 2007,(10) .

❽ STP理論出自哪本書,那本書中有詳細介紹

STP理論（市場目標定位）
市場細分（Market Segmentation）的概念最早由美國營銷學家溫德爾·史密斯(Wended Smith) 於1956年提出；此後，美國營銷學家菲利浦·科特勒進一步發展和完善了這一理論，並最終形成了成熟的STP理論 （市場細分（Segmentation） 目標市場選擇（Targeting）和市場定位（Positioning））。它是戰略營銷的核心內容，該理論出自於《營銷管理》第九版。

❾ 急求，保險市場營銷的英文文獻，拜託啦！！！急！急！急！

網路或谷歌搜索【Insurance marketing】或【Insurance marketing pdf】等，找相應的應該很好找，但是合適你的還得自己先看後下載

❿ zara的市場營銷策略的英文文獻

這些都是國外網站上的，沒有中文翻譯的，看不懂的話試試翻譯器，查查字典什麼的，我要是給你翻譯怕誤導你。

Zara: Cool Clothes Now, Not Later

Ask any urban European female under the age of 30 and chances are she has shopped at Zara, the clothier whose inexpensive but stylish offerings have attracted a cult following. Zara also sells men』s fashions, again aimed at the stylish and youthful.

Mathieu Soto, a college tennis player from France with dark eyes and devastating good looks, was asked to compare Zara to The Gap, the U.S. - based clothing giant with a major presence in Europe. His response: 「I don』t know. I』ve never shopped at The Gap.」

Most U.S. young alts have never shopped at Zara, but that seems likely to change in the near future. In the past five years Zara has grown from 179 stores mostly in Spain to 450 stores in 29 countries including the United States and Canada. Zara now has stores in New York, New Jersey, Miami, and Toronto—with more on the way.

While Zara is unlikely to displace The Gap in the U.S. market, they are certain to offer U.S. consumers an option previously unavailable to them. They have a sound if unusual marketing strategy in which logistics plays an important role. Logistics also plays an important role in Zara』s growth plans, notably its expansion into the U.S. market.

Zara』s Marketing Strategy

Zara』s marketing strategy focuses on proct variety, speed-to-market, and store location. It is also notable for what it excludes. Zara does not advertise in the traditional sense. If you want to find out what』s currently available at the Zara stores you have two options: go to the web site or go to the store. Zara puts 10,000 different items on the store shelves in a single year. It can take a new style from concept to store shelf in 10-14 days in an instry where nine months is the norm. In its primary European markets, Zara locates its stores close together. Visitors comment that Zara in Madrid is like Starbucks in a major U.S. city—you see another store on every street corner.

Zara』s Toronto store is located just north of the center of downtown in a major shopping district dense with malls and lined with stand-alone stores and giant office buildings. The potential for intense competition is clear.

「These office buildings are full of the people we want as customers. We want them to stop in at lunch or after work. We want to see them often, so we have to change what we have on the shelves,」 said Zara』s Toronto store manager. 「They could shop in a lot of other stores, so we have to make it worth their time to come here.」

This also helps explain why the company does not advertise. If a Zara customer wants to know what Zara has, he or she must go to the store. The stock changes often, with most items staying on the shelf for only a month, so the customer often finds something new and appealing. By the same token, if the customer finds nothing to buy this visit, the store』s regular customers know that tomorrow or next week—sometime soon—new goods will be on Zara』s shelves. That makes it worth another visit.

Zara relies heavily on store employees for market information. If a customer looks at a sweater and comments, 「That would look really nice with a cowl collar,」 an employee can relay that information to Spain where managers decide whether or not to proce the suggested item. If they decide to make it, they can put it on the shelf in Toronto in two weeks or less, partly because they ship by air. Ocean shipping would add at least another ten days to the time it takes to get the proct in front of the customer, undermining the speed-to-market and proct variety strategy.

The Role of Logistics
Putting the variety of goods on the shelves in Toronto and other North American stores requires an unusual, though not unique, logistics strategy for the fashion instry. Zara air expresses goods from its single distribution center in Spain, usually in small quantities. In the 1970』s, The Limited used a similar strategy to support its test marketing, air expressing small quantities of new styles from Asia to U.S. stores. In Zara』s strategy, however, the speedy shipments are part of the core strategy, not just test marketing. Zara also ships frequently, allowing lower inventories while serving its multinational market from a single distribution center in Spain.

「We receive shipments o n Tuesday and Saturday, which means that we have different items in the store at least twice a week. While each shipment replenishes items that sell well, each also includes new items. That』s why our customers come in often,」 the Toronto store manager said. 「We might get ten of one item and five of another. We』re constantly testing.」

The density of Zara』s store locations in Europe helps achieve logistics efficiencies. They can fill trucks for frequent shipment in markets close to proction and ship larger quantities by air to more distant stores. Zara keeps transportation costs low on the supply side, since most of the proction takes place in Spain. This contrasts radically to most large fashion manufacturers, which rely on low cost manufacturing in Asia and South America, but then pay higher inventory costs and move goods to market more slowly.

The air express strategy also allows Zara to maintain a multinational market presence with only one distribution center. They trade higher transportation costs for lower warehousing and inventory costs. Add to this the idea that fast transportation
supports the proct-innovation strategy that is the heart of Zara』s marketing, and the importance of logistics in Zara』s marketing strategy is clear.

The Results and the Future

Zara』s parent company, Inditex, reached $2.7 billion in 2001 revenue. This made it the fastest growing clothing manufacturer in the world. Zara, Inditex』s fastest growing division, turns its inventory twice as fast as major competitors, with an inventory-to-sales of 7% compared to an instry average of 14%. Their profitability in European operations (15%) is fifty percent higher than that of its major competitors. Zara manufactures 80% of its clothing in Europe, with most of the remaining 20% is sourced in Mexico.

While top managers are understandably closed-mouthed about their plans, Zara seems ideally positioned to penetrate the U.S. market in a major way. With some manufacturing already in Mexico, they could easily open a second distribution center aimed directly at the U.S. market. This would make their youth-oriented styles widely available in the world』s most lucrative market.

Question 1 – Zara』s Business Model and Competitive Analysis

Zara, the most profitable brand of Inditex SA, the Spanish clothing retail group, opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara』s global operations. Since then they have expanded operations into 45 countries with 531 stores located in the most important shopping districts of more than 400 cities in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Throughout this expansion Zara has remained focused on its core fashion philosophy that creativity and quality design together with a rapid response to market demands will yield profitable results. In order to realized these results Zara developed a business model that incorporated the following three goals for operations: develop a system the requires short lead times, decrease quantities proced to decrease inventory risk, and increase the number of available styles and/or choice. These goals helped to formulate a unique value proposition: to combine moderate prices with the ability to offer new clothing styles faster than its competitors. These three goals helped to shape Zara』s current business model.

Zara』s Business Model
Zara』s business model can be broken down into three basic components: concept, capabilities, and value drivers. Zara』s fundamental concept is to maintain design, proction, and distribution processes that will enable Zara to respond quickly to shifts in consumer demands. José María Castellano, CEO of Inditex stated that "the fashion world is in constant flux and is driven not by supply but by customer demand. We need to give consumers what they want, and if I go to South America or Asia to make clothes, I simply can't move fast enough." This highlights the importance of this quick response time to Zara』s operations.

Capabilities of Zara, or the required resources needed to exploit the opportunities and execute this conceptual strategy, are numerous for Zara. Zara maintains tight control over their proction processes keeping design and manufacturing in-house or with some strategic partnerships located nearby Headquarters. Currently, Zara maintains 80% of its proction processes in Europe, 50% in Spain which is very close to La Coruña headquarters. They have strategic agreements with local manufacturers that ensure timely delivery and service. Through these strategic partnerships and the benefits brought by this proximity of manufacturing and operational processes, Zara maintains the flexibility necessary to design and proce over 12000 new items annually. This capability allows Zara to achieve their strategy of expedited response to consumer demand.

Value drivers for Zara are both tangible and intangible in the benefits that are returned to all stakeholders. Tangibly, Inditex, the parent company of Zara, has 11.02% net margin on operations and their market capitalization (Equity – market value) is