市場營銷英文報道

① marketing 市場營銷論文 要英文版的

With the development of IT technology, business to the increasingly rapid pace of change to the network, and now we have entered the information age, speed has become our constant pursuit of direction. For each enterprise essential to marketing departments in order to advance the pace of change even more in, people began to network marketing transformation.

Some experts said that in the Internet age of today's Internet Marketing will soon replace the traditional marketing methods and become the main theme of the market. Because people can see the advantages of the network marketing, in-house, departments, and between all departments of the Internet to share information, but also shorten the time for the transmission of information. Thus greatly improving the efficiency of the computer above the company can build up a database, there are customers inside the basic information and consumer information records and is concive to the implementation of one-on-one marketing, for better customer service. At the same time also allow customers to feel he is very business-to-the mind, increase customer loyalty and sales network for the same very attractive, it may omit many brokers, such as wholesalers, distributors, retailers and even And to directly face the customer. Thus greatly rece the cost, the enterprise's procts more competitive to achieve greater sales, and more importantly is able to get the fastest rate of customer feedback to enable enterprises to adapt to market the proct more demand e to enterprises Always walk in the forefront of the market.

Some experts say that may be. Network marketing is some advantage, but his shortcomings but can not be ignored. Network can get market information faster, but the network sales increase sales but can not agree with. They believe that this network has only the most cutting-edge things. Most people have not accepted this approach. It is also not in the habit of online shopping, the things on these virtual lack of trust, they believe that the reality is quite the thing. Life, if I bought What is the problem with the quality of things you can find manufacturers directly, or find a vendor, and will soon receive a response. I do not know that the Internet can be the Whom do I contact, how to find, when a reply » Some say things simply do not fit in online sales, proction companies such as Coca-Cola drinks, I Xianghe when casually into stores or supermarkets which can be bought, it has more convenient, however, how to simplify the sales process? » Everyone knows that there is no need of. If you get the trust of customers, to the extent possible, satisfy the customer, then I think the most effective way is not to rece costs, as long as you in every corner of the world placed on Coke, so that people no matter what time any place as long as the wish to Drink will be able to see it and that is the biggest customer satisfaction, not only rece costs but forgot the more important in the market.

Network development is fast, according to the computer penetration rate is now to complete the transition to the network also needs a long time, not to mention to our Chinese enterprises. Network marketing is a great potential, but also可要not fully developed, the traditional marketing methods will still dominate, the network marketing soon replace the traditional marketing is not realistic. Perhaps the best marketing is not marketing, not traditional marketing, I think they can complement each other, Gequ director, perhaps the most promising is the best way of marketing it.

中文

隨著IT技術的發展，企業以越來越快的速度向網路化轉變，現在我們已經進入了信息時代，速度更成了我們不斷追求的方向。而對於每個企業必不可少的市場營銷部門在以更超前的速度轉變著，人們開始向網路營銷轉化。

有的專家說，在網路時代的今天網路營銷會很快的替代傳統的營銷方式而成為市場的主旋律。因為人們可以看到了網路營銷的優勢， 在企業內部 ，部門和部門之間都相互聯網有利於信息共享 ，也縮短了信息傳遞的時間。 從而大大提高了工作效率， 可以在公司電腦上面建立資料庫，里邊存有客戶的基本資料和消費信息紀錄 ，有利於實施一對一營銷，從而更好的為客戶服務。同時也能讓客戶感受到企業對他是相當的在乎， 更提高了客戶的忠誠度 ，而對於網路銷售同樣很有誘惑力，它可以省略許多中間商，象批發商 、經銷商、 甚至是零售商， 而直接面對客戶。從而大大降低了成本，企業的產品更有競爭力取得更大的銷售業績，而更主要的是能以最快的速度得到客戶的反饋信息，使企業的產品更適應市場的需求，而使企業總是走在市場的最前列。

可有的專家卻認為。網路營銷是有一些優勢，但他的缺點卻不容忽視。網路化是可以更快的得到市場信息， 但網路銷售提高銷售業績卻不堪贊同。他們認為，網路化今天卻只是最前沿的東西。大部分的人還沒有接受這種方式。人們還不太習慣在網上購物，他們對這些虛擬的東西缺乏信任，他們還是比較相信現實中存在的東西。生活中，如果我買了東西質量有什麼問題直接就可以找廠家， 或者找賣主 ，而且會很快的得到答復。可網上我不知道該找誰，怎麼找，什麼時候有答復？再說有的東西根本就不適合在網上銷售，比如可口可樂公司生產的飲品， 我想喝的時候隨便進哪個商店或者超市都能買到，這已經再方便不過了，還要怎麼簡化銷售過程嗎？誰都知道沒有必要了。你要想得到顧客的信任，想盡可能的滿足顧客，那麼我想最有效的方法不是去降低成本，只要你在世界的每個角落都擺放上可樂，讓人們不論在什麼時間什麼地點只要想喝就能夠看到它那就是對顧客最大的滿足，不要只顧著降低成本而卻忘了更重要的市場佔有率。

網路化發展的的確快，可按照現在的電腦普及率要完全的向網路化轉變還需要相當長的時間，更何況對我們中國的企業。網路營銷確實潛力很大，可要完全開發卻也不易，傳統的營銷方式還是會佔主導地位，網路營銷很快的取代傳統的營銷是不現實的。也許最好的營銷方式不是網路營銷，也不是傳統營銷，我覺得他們完全可以相互補充，各取所長，也許那才是最好最有前途的營銷方式吧。

② 市場營銷英語的內容簡介

《市場營銷英語:經貿英語系列》內容簡介：隨著中國加入WTO以及全球經濟一體化進程的不斷深入，國際間的經濟合作與交往日益頻繁，社會對「外語+專業」復合實用型人才的需求也隨之不斷上漲。為了迎合這一時代需求，高校教師也在不斷探索培養復合型人才的方法和渠道。目前，盡管圖書市場上有關市場營銷的原版引進圖書很多，但對於中國高校非英語專業的學生及有關人士學習起來有一定難度。因此，為了普及先進的營銷理念及營銷方法，同時滿足在校生和社會有關人士提高專業英語水平的需求，我們特編寫此書。
該書所選英語句式與閱讀材料都是依據實際教學經驗搜集選取的，英語語言地道，並且配以相應遙漢語譯文和注釋，方便讀者學習和掌握營銷專業知識，迅速提高專業英語水平。《市場營銷英語:經貿英語系列》可作為教材，也適合自學之用。

③ 本人急需一篇（關於市場營銷的英文文章），三千字英文，有中文的翻譯．

市場營銷（Marketing）又稱為 市場學、市場行銷或行銷學。簡稱「營銷」，台灣常稱作「行銷」，是指個人或集體通過交易其創造的產品或價值以獲得所需之物實現雙贏或多贏的過程。

權威定義
美國市場營銷協會下的定義是：

行銷是創造、溝通與傳送價值給顧客，及經營顧客關系以便讓組織與其利益關系人受益的一種組織功能與程序

菲利普·科特勒下的定義強調了營銷的價值導向：

市場營銷是個人和集體通過創造，提供出售，並同別人交換和價值，以獲得其所需所欲之物的一種社會和管理過程。

而格隆羅斯給的定義強調了營銷的目的：

營銷是在一種利益之上下，通過相互交換和承諾，建立、維持、鞏固與消費者及其他參與者的關系，實現各方的目的)。

[編輯] 新式定義
台灣的江亘松在＜你的行銷行不行＞中強調行銷的變動性，利用行銷的英文 Marketing 作了下面的定義

「什麼是行銷？」就字面上來說，「行銷」的英文是「Marketing」，若把 Marketing 這個字拆成 Market（市場）與 ing（英文的現在進行式表示方法）這兩個部分，那行銷可以用「市場的現在進行式」來表達產品、價格、促銷、通路的變動性導致供需雙方的微妙關系。

＜你的行銷行不行＞ISBN: 978-986-82609-5-5，理財文化, 2007.08 出版

[編輯] 市場營銷理論發展的四個階段
初創階段(1900年—1920年)
功能研究階段(1921年—1945年)
現代市場營銷學形成和發展階段(1945年—1980年)
營銷擴展階段(1980年以後)

[編輯] 市場與需求
市場營銷學中的市場可以等同於需求，即研究消費者的現實需求和潛在需求。

美國市場營銷協會(AMA)的定義委員會1960年對市場提出以下的定義：

「 市場是指一種貨物或勞務的潛在購買者的集合需求。 」

菲利普·科特勒把市場定義為

「 市場是指某種產品的所有實際的和潛在的購買者的集合。 」

[編輯] 市場的類型
市場從不同角度，可以劃分為不同的類型。其中按商品的基本屬性可劃分為一般商品市場和特殊商品市場。一般商品市場指狹義的商品市場，即貨物市場，包括消費品市場和工業品市場；特殊商品市場指為滿足消費者的資金需要和服務需要而形成的市場，包括資本市場，勞動力市場和技術信息市場。對以上兩種市場作分析時一般要研究消費者市場，產業市場和政府市場。

市場營銷環境分析常用的方法為SWOT分析方法，它是英文Strength(優勢)、Weakness(劣勢)、Opportunity(機會)、Threaten(威脅)的意思。從內部環境分析優劣勢，從外部環境分析機會與威脅。

[編輯] 市場營銷策略
營銷組合的四個因素常稱作4P，即：

產品（Proct)
價格 (Price)
推廣 (Promotion)
通路與配銷 (Place&Distribution)
這四個因素應用到營銷過程中，就形成了四方面的營銷策略。加上政治POLITICS和公共關系PUBLIC，是為6P。

1981年布姆斯（Booms）和比特納（Bitner）建議在傳統市場營銷理論4Ps的基礎上增加三個「服務性的P」，即：人員(People)、流程(Process)、環境(或是或實體環境；Physical evidence)。

根據與市場競爭對手對抗的需要而制定富有競爭力的產品、價格、渠道和促銷政策。這一時期誕生了著名的4P理論。當時還是大眾媒體盛行的時代，依靠大眾媒體促進銷售，無差異化策略成為這一階段的明顯特徵。

[編輯] 產品
產品策略主要研究新產品開發，產品生命周期，品牌策略等，是價格策略，促銷策略和分銷策略的基礎。

[編輯] 價格
價格策略又稱定價策略，主要研究產品的定價、調價等[[市場營銷工具]

[編輯] 推廣
推廣是將組織與產品訊息傳播給目標市場的活動，它主要的焦點在於溝通。透過推廣，企業試圖讓消費者知曉、了解、喜愛或購買產品，進而影響產品的知名度、形象、銷售量，乃至於企業的生長與生存。有了推廣，消費者才可得知產品提供何種利益、價格多少、可以到什麼地方購買及如何購買等，而這些消費者反應會進一步協助推動其他行銷組合(產品、價格、通路)。

[編輯] 通路
又稱渠道策略，也稱為促銷。它代表企業（機構）在將自身產品送抵最終消費者之前，所制定的與各類分銷商之間的貿易關系、成本分攤和利益分配方式的綜合體系。這里的分銷商既包含批發商，也包含零售商，甚至包含物流配送商和直銷公司的直銷人員。

企業制定分銷政策的目的是：讓產品更順暢地到達顧客手中，既要保證分銷成本低廉，又要保證顧客對送貨期、送貨量、裝配服務、疑難咨詢等方面的要求。

在產品日益豐富的情況下，分銷政策可能變得越來越難制定，因為相對於產品和品牌的過量，分銷商則顯得稀少，因而後者擁有了大量討價還價的權力，力圖從製造商或上游企業那裡獲得更大的利益分成比例。

零售商在最近10年的表現尤其令人矚目，它們不僅從事零售，也開始插手於產品的上游生產過程，並以自己的店鋪名稱或獨創名稱作為自己所產新品的品牌——即自有品牌（private brand/label），或叫店鋪品牌（store brand/label）。這更深地威脅到了純粹的製造企業的利潤空間，當然也大大增加了後者制定分銷策略的難度。

[編輯] 人員（People)
所有的人都直接或間接地被捲入某種服務的消費過程中，這是7P營銷組合很重要的一個觀點。知識工作者、白領雇員、管理人員以及部分消費者將額外的價值增加到了既有的社會總產品或服務的供給中，這部分價值往往非常顯著。

[編輯] 流程（Process）
服務通過一定的程序、機制以及活動得以實現的過程（亦即消費者管理流程），是市場營銷戰略的一個關鍵要素。

[編輯] 環境（Physical Evidence）
包括服務供給得以順利傳送的服務環境，有形商品承載和表達服務的能力，當前消費者的無形消費體驗，以及向潛在顧客傳遞消費滿足感的能力。

[編輯] 4C
包括：

顧客（Customer）
成本（Cost）
溝通（Communication）
便利（convenience)。
加上機會Chance，市場變化Change為6C。

不銷售製造的產品，而要將滿足消費者需求的產品售出；不要依競爭者或者自我的盈利策略定價，而是要通過一系列測試手段了解消費者為滿足需求願付出的成本；不要以自身為出發點，想著網點怎麼布置，採用什麼樣的通路策略，而要關注消費者購買產品的便利性；不是想著如何通過媒體傳播來提升銷量，而要和消費者互動溝通。

[編輯] 營銷種類

[編輯] 整合營銷
整合營銷傳播（Integrated Marketing Communications ）

[編輯] 資料庫營銷（DATABASE MARKETING）

[編輯] 網路營銷（Internet Marketing）
網路營銷是企業整體營銷戰略的一個組成部分，是為實現企業總體經營目標所進行的，以互聯網為基本手段營造網上經營環境的各種活動。

網路營銷的職能包括網站推廣、網路品牌、信息發布、在線調研、顧客關系、顧客服務、銷售渠道、銷售促進八個方面。

Viral Marketing

[編輯] 標竿行銷（Bench Marketing）
由江亘松在＜你的行銷行不行＞提出

以某個市場上已經存在的競爭者為比較基準的行銷方式，例如普騰這家公司於十幾年前提出一句很經典的「Sorry，Sony」到現在還是經常被產業與學術界拿來當作行銷的案例，近年來Audi一直宣稱他們的部分車種在歐洲市場無論在性能或銷售上都令雙B感覺到威脅，這樣的行銷方法就是希望讓那些原本沒有打算買Audi的亞洲買家去思考，為什麼歐洲的消費者願意買的車在亞洲的我們卻沒有給予適當的評價。

當然要提出這樣的行銷方式勢必要先對自己的產品有一定的信心，否則如果「如花」喊出「Sorry林志玲」認同的觀眾應該不會太多吧。

Viral Marketing

[編輯] 直效營銷（DIRECT MARKETING）
根據kotler．keller行銷管理學第12版中譯本

直效行銷（direct marketing）是在沒有中間行銷商的情況下，利用消費者直接（consumer direct,CD）通路來接觸及傳送貨品和服務給客戶。主要通路包括直接信函、型錄、電話推銷，電視購物、小的售票亭、網路和汽車廣告。

直效行銷是互動是行銷系統，利用一種或多種媒體影響任何地區可衡量的回應或交易。特別是在電子行銷中正快速成長。

[編輯] 關系營銷（RELATIONSHIP MARKETING）
在很多情況下，公司並不能尋求即時的交易，所以他們會與長期供應商建立顧客關系。
公司想要展現給顧客的是卓越的服務能力，現在的顧客多是大型且全球性的。他們偏好可以提供不同地區配套產品
或服務的供應商，且可以快速解決各地的問題。
當顧客關系管理計畫被執行時，組織就必須同時注重顧客和產品管理。同時，公司必須明白，雖然關系行銷很重要，
但並不是在任何情況下都會有效的。因此，公司必須評估哪一個部門與哪一種特定的顧客採用關系行銷最有利。

[編輯] 燎原式行銷
由江亘松在＜你的行銷行不行＞提出「燎原式行銷」的重點在於，以自己強大的財力為基礎，先採取競爭對手無法跟隨並獲利的低價策略，逼迫市場競爭者紛紛退出並且樹立警告指標不讓其他潛在業者輕易越矩，這樣在下一個不怕死的競爭者出現之前，就可以創造一個無競爭者的獨占市場。

[編輯] 綠色營銷

[編輯] 社會營銷

[編輯] 營銷社團

[編輯] 市場調研
市場調研又稱營銷調研，指企業在市場營銷決策過程中，需要系統客觀收集和分析有關營銷活動的信息所做的研究。營銷調研活動涉及到產品，廣告，促銷渠道選擇，競爭者等諸多方面。

[編輯] 營銷理論的新發展
病毒式營銷
關系營銷
資料庫營銷
網路營銷
國際營銷
綠色營銷
服務營銷
過程營銷
收益管理
Marketing is an ongoing process of planning and executing the marketing mix (Proct, Price, Place, Promotion) for procts, services or ideas to create exchange between indivials and organizations.

Marketing tends to be seen as a creative instry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research.

Essentially, marketing is the process of creating or directing an organization to be successful in selling a proct or service that people not only desire, but are willing to buy.

Therefore good marketing must be able to create a "proposition" or set of benefits for the end customer that delivers value through procts or services.

Its specialist areas include:

advertising and branding
communications
database marketing
direct marketing
event organization
field marketing
global marketing
international marketing
internet marketing
instrial marketing
market research
public relations
retailing
search engine marketing
marketing strategy
marketing plan
strategic management
Experiential marketing
Introction
A market-focused, or customer-focused, organization first determines what its potential customers desire, and then builds the proct or service. Marketing theory and practice is justified in the belief that customers use a proct or service because they have a need, or because it provides a perceived benefit.

Two major factors of marketing are the recruitment of new customers (acquisition) and the retention and expansion of relationships with existing customers (base management). Once a marketer has converted the prospective buyer, base management marketing takes over. The process for base management shifts the marketer to building a relationship, nurturing the links, enhancing the benefits that sold the buyer in the first place, and improving the proct/service continuously to protect the business from competitive encroachments.

For a marketing plan to be successful, the mix of the four "Ps" must reflect the wants and desires of the consumers or Shoppers in the target market. Trying to convince a market segment to buy something they don't want is extremely expensive and seldom successful. Marketers depend on insights from marketing research, both formal and informal, to determine what consumers want and what they are willing to pay for. Marketers hope that this process will give them a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing management is the practical application of this process. The offer is also an important addition to the 4P's theory.

Within most organizations, the activities encompassed by the marketing function are led by a Vice President or Director of Marketing. A growing number of organizations, especially large US companies, have a Chief Marketing Officer position, reporting to the Chief Executive Officer.

The American Marketing Association (AMA) states, "Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders.".[1]

Marketing methods are informed by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology is also a small, but growing influence. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. Marketing is a wide and heavily interconnected subject with extensive publications. It is also an area of activity infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.

[edit] Concept of Marketing
Marketing is an instructive business domain that serves to inform and ecate target markets about the value and competitive advantage of a company and its procts. 「Value」 is worth derived by the customer from owning and using the proct. 「Competitive Advantage」 is a depiction that the company or its procts are each doing something better than their competition in a way that could benefit the customer.

Marketing is focused on the task of conveying pertinent company and proct related information to specific customers, and there are a multitude of decisions (strategies) to be made within the marketing domain regarding what information to deliver, how much information to deliver, to whom to deliver, how to deliver, when to deliver, and where to deliver. Once the decisions are made, there are numerous ways (tactics) and processes that could be employed in support of the selected strategies.

The goal of marketing is to build and maintain a preference for a company and its procts within the target markets. The goal of any business is to build mutually profitable and sustainable relationships with its customers. While all business domains are responsible for accomplishing this goal, the marketing domain bears a significant share of the responsibility.

Within the larger scope of its definition, marketing is performed through the actions of three coordinated disciplines named: 「Proct Marketing」, 「Corporate Marketing」, and 「Marketing Communications」. [1]

[edit] Two levels of marketing
Strategic marketing attempts to determine how an organization competes against its competitors in a market place. In particular, it aims at generating a competitive advantage relative to its competitors.

Operational marketing executes marketing functions to attract and keep customers and to maximize the value derived for them, as well as to satisfy the customer with prompt services and meeting the customer expectations. Operational Marketing includes the determination of the porter's five forces

Four Ps
In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a 「Marketing Mix」. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, also at the Harvard Business School in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements: proct, price, place and promotion.

In popular usage, "marketing" is the promotion of procts, especially advertising and branding. However, in professional usage the term has a wider meaning which recognizes that marketing is customer-centered. Procts are often developed to meet the desires of groups of customers or even, in some cases, for specific customers. E. Jerome McCarthy divided marketing into four general sets of activities. His typology has become so universally recognized that his four activity sets, the Four Ps, have passed into the language.

The four Ps are:

Proct: The proct aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants. The scope of a proct generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support.
Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a proct, including discounts. The price need not be monetary - it can simply be what is exchanged for the proct or services, e.g. time, energy, psychology or attention.
Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling, branding and refers to the various methods of promoting the proct, brand, or company.
Placement (or distribution): refers to how the proct gets to the customer; for example, point of sale placement or retailing. This fourth P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a proct or services is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or instry, to which segment (young alts, families, business people), etc.

字數超限

④ 我眼中的市場營銷求一篇英語作文100到150個英語單詞

Ping An Insurance (Group)
Ping An Insurance (Group) Company of China, Ltd ("Ping An" or 「the Company」 or "the Group") was established in 1988 in Shekou, Shenzhen. The Group is the first insurance company in China to have a shareholding structure. Today it has developed into an integrated financial services conglomerate with insurance, banking, and investment businesses at its core. The Group』s stocks are listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange under stock code "2318」 and on the Shanghai Stock Exchange under "601318".
Ping An's mission is to fulfill its commitments to its investors, customers, employees and society. Ping An's goal and commitment to investors are to proce stable returns and boost asset values. The commitment to customers is to provide the best services with integrity. The commitment to employees centers on being a responsible employer and providing the conditions for better living and career development. Last but not least, Ping An's commitment to Society is based on Ping An's desire to give back to the society and contribute to the development of the country. Ping An focuses on value creation and the pursuit of excellence. The Group advocates that each employee be a person of integrity and value by highlighting indivial virtues such as "honesty, trustworthiness, entrepreneurship, and achievement," and team qualities such as "unity, vitality, learning and innovation". The mechanisms of "competition, motivation, elimination" are implemented, together with a distinctive, professional, advanced and long-term business philosophy.
Ping An's vision is to become an internationally leading integrated financial services group by leveraging its insurance, banking and investment businesses to achieve long-term, stable and healthy growth while creating sustainable and greater value for its stakeholders.

⑤ 求翻譯一篇市場營銷專業英語~

文化是一個最基本的影響，在個人`的需要，想要，和行為，因為生活的各個方面進行的背回景下的社會中的答個人生活。文化經歷影響日常行為，並有實證支持的概念，文化是一個決定因素，某些方面的消費behaviorculture值是通過三個基本組織：家庭，宗教組織，教育機構；和在今天`社會教育機構，發揮著越來越大的作用在這方面。營銷經理必須適應市場營銷組合的文化價值和不斷監測值在美國是越來越重視的成就和事業的成功。這價值觀的變化已得到許多商業公司已擴大其強調省時，便民產品。

⑥ 求有關市場營銷主要工作的英語作文，大概10句話左右

At all points of the modern marketing system people have formed associations and eliminated various middlemen in order to achieve more efficient marketing.Manufacturers often maintain their own wholesale departments and deal directly with retailers.Independent stores may operate their own wholesale agencies to supply them with goods.Wholesale houses operate outlets for their wares,and farmers sell their procts through their own wholesale cooperatives.Recent years have seen the development of wholesale clubs,which sell retail items to consumers who purchase memberships that give them the privilege of shopping at wholesale prices

⑦ 誰能幫我用英語簡捷的介紹一下什麼是市場營銷

定義

市場營銷作為一種計劃及執行活動，其過程包括對一個產品，一項服務、或一種思想的開發製作、定價、促銷和流通等活動，其目的是經由交換及交易的過程達到滿足組織或個人的需求目標。

市場營銷是指在以顧客需求為中心的思想指導下，企業所進行的有關產品生產、流通和售後服務等與市場有關的一系列經營活動。

有些學者從宏觀角度對市場營銷下定義。例如,E.J.Mccarthy

⑧ 跪求中英語對照的4000字的關於市場營銷論文

體驗營銷在房地產企業中的應用

隨著體驗經濟時代的到來，房地產業傳統的戰略優勢，如自然資源、規模經濟、資金與技術優勢，隨著競爭的加劇正在縮小而不再成為必然的優勢；企業在產品、價格、渠道及促銷、服務等營銷操作層面上的競爭，則由於市場運作規范與信息的透明化，而使得相互間模仿和借鑒的速度越來越快，想以此建立起長久的競爭優勢也越來越不可能；同時，購房者在物質極大豐富的現代社會，也不再滿足於單純地購買產品，產品或服務所帶來的心理上效益也開始占據越來越重要的位置，原有的營銷模式已經不能很好的滿足消費者需求。三種變化的復合作用，使得開發商只有用創新心理和精神上的營銷手段，才能在未來的房地產競爭中打開局面，並最終帶來了強調在提高產品本身的使用價值時，開展各種溝通活動，增強顧客體驗需求，從而使顧客物質上和精神上得到雙重滿足的營銷理念——體驗式營銷，在房地產業中得以出現。

一、價值觀的演進對房地產營銷的影響

很多時候，顧客可能對產品鋪天蓋地的廣告置若罔聞。因為現在花里胡哨的廣告太多了，而且許多廣告承諾的兌現出現了不少的誠信問題，隨著價值觀的改變，顧客對於廣告的信任正在日益降低。其實顧客更在意的是體現在細節上的實實在在的體驗，一個優秀的品牌如果在細節上讓顧客獲得實實在在的舒適體驗其實勝過廣告十倍百倍。
房地產開發商必須清楚的認識到：現代營銷已進入「體驗時代」，房地產行業的環境、特性已經發生了變化，消費者的行為也有了較大的改變，這就要求企業採取合適的營銷手段。到底什麼樣的營銷方式才是適合自己的？筆者認為，房地產開發商必須改變創造價值的方式，與消費者共創價值，讓消費者成為體驗的共同創造者。
消費者價值是營銷關注的核心，向顧客提供何種價值是企業制勝的基本問題。傳統的教科書列舉了4種消費者價值，即功能價值、情感價值、社交價值和個人價值。當前，企業已經「體驗」到了「體驗經濟」所帶來的新的價值。「消費者的體驗」已經成為第5種消費者價值，即消費者購買和追求的是體驗價值。[1]

二、房地產體驗營銷的特點

在企業開展體驗營銷之前，首先應該對「體驗營銷」的特點有所認識：房地產體驗營銷主要有個性化、無形性、延續性、互動性、主觀性等特點。
其一，個性化。產品營銷中強調提供標准化的產品，服務營銷強調產品和服務的定製，而在體驗營銷中,由於個體存在巨大差異性，要吸引個體參與達到互動，在營銷活動設計中就必須體現較強的個性化。房地產的每個項目都有自己的特點，因此各自定位也不同，除了山水等不可復制的資源，任何特點都可以作為體驗營銷的內容。
其二，無形性。房地產是一個綜合性的行業，除了開發房子，服務更是非常重要的一方面，但是服務本身是以產品為依託的，具有無形性，開發商們通常的做法是將房子和服務捆綁式銷售，以更完善地服務消費者，當然許多服務本身也是一種體驗。但在體驗營銷中的無形性更強調顧客所能感受到的一種難忘的、身臨其境的體驗，它是一種被感知的效果。
其三，延續性。消費者在購房前所獲得的感受並不會因一次體驗的完成而馬上消失，而是具有一定的延續性，如消費者對體驗的各種回憶等，有時消費者事後甚至會對這種體驗重新評價，產生新的感受。因此房地產體驗營銷的效果是長期性的，一旦消費者對體驗滿意，他們對開發商及產品往往產生高度忠誠。
其四，互動性。在產品營銷中，消費者是企業的「用戶」；在服務營銷中，消費者被稱為「客戶」；而在體驗營銷中，消費者是企業的「客人」，也是體驗活動的「主人」。因為房地產體驗活動必須要有消費者的參與，進而在消費者和開發商及產品之間發生一種互動行為。消費者的「主動參與」是體驗營銷的根本所在，這是區別於「商品營銷」和「服務營銷」的最顯著的特徵。離開了消費者的主動性，所有的「體驗」都是不可能產生並被消費者自己消費的。
其五，主觀性。在產品營銷中，企業用價格或其他差異化手段區別於其他企業，在服務營銷中企業通過服務價值等讓渡使顧客獲得更大的利益；而房地產體驗營銷活動的最終效果是建立在購房者主體印象(主要包括時間、空間、技術、真實性、質地、規格等方面的特徵)的基礎上的，它包含了個體差異的影響，對不同的印象不同的個體有不同的感受，表現為一種購房者個體的主觀性。

三、體驗營銷在房地產行業的應用

國內房地產商所實踐的房地產體驗營銷就是在整個營銷行為的過程中，把消費者的感性行為劃分為看(See)、聽(Hear)、使用(Use)和參與(Participate)四個連貫的環節，充分利用感性信息的能力，通過影響消費者的更多的感官感受來介入其行為過程，從而影響消費者的決策過程與結果。
筆者認為，房地產體驗營銷就是利用傳統文化、現代科技、藝術和大自然等整合手段來影響消費者的看、聽、使用和參與行為，充分刺激和調動消費者的感官、情感、思考、行動、關聯等感性因素和理性因素，在產品、服務、情境等方面為消費者創造值得回憶和持續愉悅的豐富體驗，從而促進產品的銷售和顧客價值最大化。
筆者認為，房地產體驗營銷可以分為三個階段進行：體驗前營銷、體驗中營銷和體驗後營銷。
(一)體驗前營銷
體驗前營銷是一個非常重要的階段，這一階段的主要任務包括開發商內部和外部情況及營銷模式分析、顧客體驗期望分析和體驗設計。
通過分析消費者的體驗世界，能夠獲得消費者內心最深處的想法，房地產開發商要分析消費者的商業環境和生存環境包括社會文化因素、消費者的體驗需求和期望以及生活方式。開發商需要將廣泛的生活方式聯繫到產品的使用情況上，包括產品的質量和功能、品牌的知名度和美譽度、產品的銷售情況。同時還要考慮競爭對手、合作夥伴，以及整個產業的有關情況，最後聯繫到品牌上，也就是說開發商不是以產品而是以顧客體驗即以人們購房時的消費意境來把自己和別的開發商區分開來。
現在從顧客的立場出發，梳理出顧客體驗世界的4個層次：Ⅰ.品牌提供的體驗；Ⅱ.產品的品類提供的體驗；Ⅲ.品牌的使用和消費環境提供的體驗；Ⅳ.廣義的體驗與顧客的社會文化環境或與房地產投資的大環境相關聯。[3]
房地產的品牌是從品牌提供的特定體驗開始的，然後上升到更廣泛的意義上。品牌體驗就是住宅看起來怎麼樣、環境如何、配套設施是否完善等，這種品牌體驗一部分是由產品品類驅動的，如房型、結構的不同，普通住宅、別墅的不同等，都會引起不同的產品品類體驗。更重要的是品牌和產品品類融合在更廣義的消費環境中，即住宅能夠提供最基本的擋風遮雨、居住的使用功能。最後，這種消費環境(居住)是社會文化的一部分，消費者所購買居住、投資的住宅往往和自身的身份、社會地位、生活方式等聯系在一起。從特定的體驗上升到更廣義的層次上，就能夠更理解住宅對現在的顧客意味著什麼。一旦融合進個人職業生活的環境，產品本身看起來就那麼不顯眼了，房地產產品就有了新的意義，提供了新的市場機會。
了解顧客對體驗的期望是為顧客創造體驗價值的前提，因為顧客的滿意來自於體驗感知與體驗期望之間的比較，符合顧客體驗期望的產品和服務才能創造顧客滿意；而超越顧客期望的體驗經歷將創造顧客忠誠，最終實現企業的長期可持續贏利。設計顧客體驗、搭建體驗平台，這是分析顧客體驗世界與傳遞體驗之間最主要的連接點。
(二)體驗中營銷
體驗中營銷就是體驗實施的過程，這個過程中顧客直接參與體驗，體驗平台要在與顧客的接觸中實施。因此，需要對體驗現場進行控制，引導顧客體驗按照體驗設計的主題線索有效開展活動，從而最大限度地實現顧客的體驗期望。房地產開發商可通過定期組織開展活動讓購房者及業主參與進來，地點最好是選擇在產品實景區，購房者通過參與活動實實在在地感受到社區的環境及文化，還可增進鄰里之間的感情，這對促進購房者消費是十分見效的。現在越來越多的開發商意識到這點，篝火節、業主游、美食節等活動不斷在開發商中上演，事實證明這對促進房子銷售確實很有效果。

(三)體驗後營銷
體驗後營銷就是進行溝通與反饋。體驗是為了加深購房者對產品和服務的了解，促進銷售，但也是為了進一步認識購房者的心理需求。因此，要能夠在購房者體驗的時候獲得購房者的反饋信息，了解購房者的期望，同時加強與購房者的溝通。一方面對購房者感到不滿意的地方進行期望再分析，以備重新設計體驗，不斷改善體驗，使之更符合購房者的需要；另一方面，可以超越購房者期望，實現購房者的全面滿意，建立企業的顧客忠誠，維持企業的長期成長和贏利。萬科地產在這方面有很多值得我們借鑒的地方，體驗後的問卷填寫、銷售代表的電話回訪、項目建設進度的定期匯報等都是了解購房者體驗感受的好方法。

四、我國房地產體驗營銷誤區

由於對體驗營銷的概念、框架、策略以及消費者行為的變化沒有足夠的了解，我國房地產開發商在實踐中對體驗營銷的認識和應用出現了一些誤區。
(一)體驗營銷就是讓客戶在樣板房裡住幾天
讓客戶在樣板房裡住上幾天就能得到一個良好的客戶滿意度？其實不然。因為，用於體驗的樣板房往往是建在尚未完全竣工的在建樓里，並不能夠完全提供全套的生活設備，如上下水不通、室外園林未完成等，難以滿足實際使用功能。這樣客戶就很難得到真實的居住體驗。如果是在現樓中體驗，由於房地產的預售特性，到那時候再展示，意義也不大。所以，好的體驗應該是從客戶參觀朋友新居開始，從對園林的觀感認識開始。
(二)眼球經濟代表萬能
體驗營銷應該讓消費者、業主受益，而不應干擾正常的生活和工作秩序。當年深圳拒絕蜘蛛人攀爬地王大廈和賽格廣場，理由在於寫字樓就是用來辦公的，不應該受到不必要的干擾。諸多商業秀僅僅以娛眾的方式獲取眼球，卻忽視了是否會影響受眾客戶的心理，很難讓消費者對項目本身產生足夠的信心，必然會遭到失敗。
(三)通宵排隊是體驗營銷
有眾多樓盤在開盤前日出現通宵排隊的現象，這其中有許多消費者為了選到滿意的房號不得不連夜排隊。開發商或代理商的確希望出現這種樓盤熱銷、供不應求的場面，以便促成客戶盡快簽訂購房合同，但此舉往往拉開了與客戶之間的心理距離。其實，目前並不存在短缺經濟，房地產市場尤其如此，排隊選房不是好的體驗方式。
(四)售樓處過分舒適
售樓處適當的裝修是必要的，但過分鋪張，就是一種浪費。其實客戶最為關注的仍然是樓盤的實際品質，對售樓處的感知僅僅是停留在環境和服務的感性層面上，而過分追求客戶感受不到的層面是沒意義的。
(五)宣傳造勢越熱越好
即便是成功的宣傳造勢往往也過度地提高了業主的期望值，常使得業主入住後產生落差，最後往往對項目認知形成不良印象。而網路是一個非常公共的、虛擬的空間，許多不可測因素在網路里都可能發生，一些情緒化的宣洩甚至能給項目帶來破壞性影響。

一、價值鏈的概念和構成
企業要生存和發展，必須為企業的股東和其他利益集團包括員工、顧客、供貨商以及所在地區和相關行業等創造價值。如果把「企業」這個「黑匣子」打開，我們可以把企業創造價值的過程分解為一系列互不相同但又相互關聯的經濟活動，或者稱之為「增值活動」，其總和即構成企業的「價值鏈」。任何一個企業都是其產品在設計、生產、銷售、交貨和售後服務方面所進行的各項活動的聚合體。每一項經營管理活動就是這一價值鏈條上的一個環節。企業的價值鏈及其進行單個活動的方式，反映了該企業的歷史、戰略、實施戰略的方式以及活動自身的主要經濟狀況。
價值鏈可以分為基本增值活動和輔助性增值活動兩大部分。企業的基本增值活動，即一般意義上的「生產經營環節」，如材料供應、成品開發、生產運行、成品儲運、市場營銷和售後服務。這些活動都與商品實體的加工流轉直接相關。企業的輔助性增值活動，包括組織建設、人事管理、技術開發和采購管理。這里的技術和采購都是廣義的，既可以包括生產性技術，也包括非生產性的開發管理，例如，決策技術、信息技術、計劃技術；采購管理既包括生產原材料，也包括其他資源投入的管理，例如，聘請有關咨詢公司為企業進行廣告策劃、市場預測、法律咨詢、信息系統設計和長期戰略計劃等。
價值鏈的各環節之間相互關聯，相互影響。一個環節經營管理的好壞可以影響到其他環節的成本和效益。比方說，如果多花一點成本采購高質量的原材料，生產過程中就可以減少工序，少出次品，縮短加工時間。雖然價值鏈的每一環節都與其他環節相關，但是一個環節能在多大程度上影響其他環節的價值活動，則與其在價值鏈條上的位置有很大的關系。根據產品實體在價值鏈各環節的流轉程序，企業的價值活動可以被分為「上游環節」和「下游環節」兩大類。在企業的基本價值活動中，材料供應、產品開發、生產運行可以被稱為「上游環節」；成品儲運、市場營銷和售後服務可以被稱為「下游環節」。上游環節經濟活動的中心是產品，與產品的技術特性緊密相關；下游環節的中心是顧客，成敗優劣主要取決於顧客特點。
不管是生產性還是服務性行業，企業的基本活動都可以用上價值鏈來表示，但是不同的行業價值的具體構成並不完全相同，同一環節在各行業中的重要性也不同。例如，在農產品行業，由於產品本身相對簡單，競爭主要表現為價格競爭，一般較少需要廣告茗銷，對售後服務的要求也不是特別強烈，與之相應，價值鏈的下游環節對企業經營的整體效應的影響相對次要；而在許多工業機械行業以及其他技術性要求較高的行業，售後服務往往是競爭成敗的關鍵。
二、價值鏈與企業的競爭優勢
「價值鏈」理論的基本觀點是，在一個企業眾多的「價值活動」中，並不是每一個環節都創造價值。企業所創造的價值，實際上來自企業價值鏈上的某些特定的價值活動；這些真正創造價值的經營活動，就是企業價值鏈的「戰略環節」。企業在競爭中的優勢，尤其是能夠長期保持的優勢，說到底，是企業在價值鏈某些特定的戰略價值環節上的優勢。而行業的壟斷優勢來自於該行業的某些特定環節的壟斷優勢，抓住了這些關鍵環節，也就抓住了整個價值鏈。這些決定企業經營成敗和效益的戰略環節可以是產品開發、工藝設計，也可以是市場營銷、信息技術，或者認識管理等等，視不同的行業而異。在高檔時裝業，這種戰略環節一般是設計能力；在卷煙業，這種戰略環節主要是廣告宣傳和公共關系策略（也就是如何對付各種政府和消費者組織的戒煙努力）；在餐飲業，這種戰略環節主要是餐館地點的選擇。
雖然如前所述不同行業有不同的價值鏈，同一環節在各行業的作用也不相同，但是，對於具有較大規模的企業，例如跨國公司則可以通過價值鏈上的關鍵環節也就是核心能力在相關行業中進行擴散和移植，從而提高企業尤其是跨國公司的競爭優勢。跨國公司在國際營銷活動中擁有全球跨行業營銷的范圍經濟效應。這種范圍經濟效應是跨國公司通過最佳廣度（范圍）地使用通用型要素和資源而獲得的。這種通用型要素可以是通用的生產設備、管理經驗、營銷技能和研究開發能力。由於在價值鏈的每一個環節幾乎都能發現通用型要素的存在，那麼，當兩個行業的價值鏈上的關鍵環節也就是核心能力需要相同的通用型要素時，跨國公司就將自己在一個行業中的核心能力擴散到另一個相關行業，使得范圍經濟效應轉化為范圍經濟優勢。因此，跨國公司在一個行業的營銷溝通活動中獲得的先進知識、經驗和技能，可以不需要很大的追加投資就能轉移到其他相關行業。如美國的菲利浦一莫利斯公司是著名的煙草商，創造了萬寶路這樣的全球性香煙品牌，該公司進入食品行業後，帶入了其卓越的廣告、營銷推廣等營銷溝通技巧，使得像米勒啤酒等品牌也迅速成為美國的領先品牌，並走向世界。
當跨國公司進行全球營銷時，范圍經濟優勢又可以同時轉移到新進入的國別市場。根據該國的特定市場環境，跨國公司有計劃地選擇相關行業的產品相繼導入，在市場研究、促銷技巧和共同渠道等方面形成范圍經濟效應，尤其是促銷行為的協同效應對樹立跨國公司在當地的整體形象具有重要的戰略意義。如飛利浦公司在包括中國在內的許多國家都引入其照明、微電子、計算機硬體、家用電器等相關行業的多種產品，並使用相同的廣告語「讓我們做得更好」，使得公司形象非常鮮明。盡管其多年營運狀況不佳，但據調研顯示在中國市場上飛利浦公司的知名度要遠高於通用電氣等強勁的競爭對手。其他如日用消費品行業的跨國公司在各國市場上都如出一轍地引入家用洗滌劑、消費紙品、個人護理用品和食品保健品，這些都是跨國公司獲得范圍經濟效應的例證。
很顯然，要保持企業對某一產品的壟斷優勢，關鍵是保持這一產品價值鏈上的戰略環節的壟斷優勢，並不需要在所有的價值活動上都保持壟斷優勢。戰略環節要緊緊控制在企業內部，很多非戰略性的活動則完全可以通過合同的方式承包出去，盡量利用市場以減低成本，增加靈活性。對戰略環節的壟斷可以採取許多形式，既可以是壟斷關鍵原材料，壟斷關鍵人才，也可以是壟斷關鍵銷售渠道、關鍵市場，等等。比如說，在很多靠特殊技能競爭的行業，例如廣告業、表演業、體育業，這種壟斷優勢通常來自於對若干關鍵人才的壟斷；在很多靠產品特色競爭的行業，這種壟斷優勢往往是來自於對關鍵技術或原料配方的壟斷，例如可口可樂的配方，麥當勞「巨無霸」漢堡包的專用調料配方，都是絕密級別的商業秘密。在高科技產品行業，這種壟斷優勢通常來自於對若干關鍵生產技術，例如對計算機的晶元生產技術的壟斷造就了全球晶元巨頭IN-TEL公司。而微軟（Microsoft）則在電腦軟體領域擁有無與倫比的創新能力。廣州寶潔從成立開始就以「世界一流產品，美化您的生活」作為企業的經營理念，樹立「寶潔公司，優質產品」的形象。為了維護其優質產品概念，公司動用其在全世界擁有的超過100名的專業技術人員，每年都花費其銷售額的8％-10％（約5億到7億元）的費用進行專門的產品研究，寶潔認為，只有不斷開發產品功能，提高科技含量，才能佔領市場。優質產品概念不等同於國家、行業的標准。為了開發一個優質產品概念，寶潔每年花費銷售額的1％－3％進行各方面的市場研究，用寶潔的話說，優質產品必須是消費者合同的產品，產品核心功能和外圍功能都成為滿足

Experiential Marketing in Real Estate Enterprises

With the experience economy era, the strategic advantages of traditional real estate instry, such as natural resources, economies of scale, capital and technological advantages, with the increased competition is narrowing rather than as a natural advantage; enterprises in proct, pricing, channels and promotion, marketing services, operating at the level of competition, e to the operation of the market norms of transparency and information, and made to imitate and learn from each other at an increasing rate, I would like to establish long-term competitive advantage has become increasingly impossible; At the same time, buyers great material wealth of modern society, are no longer simply satisfied with the purchase of procts, goods or services brought about by the psychological benefits have begun to occupy an increasingly important location, the original Marketing can not be a good model to meet consumer demand. Three changes in the role of the composite, making developers use the innovative marketing of psychological and spiritual means, in order to compete in the future to open real estate situation, and eventually brought in to increase emphasis on the value of the proct itself, the various communication activities, and enhance the customer experience needs, so that customers receive the material and spiritual concept of the al meet marketing - Experiential marketing, to appear in the real estate instry.

First, the evolution of the values of the impact of the real estate marketing

In many cases, customers may have turned a deaf ear to proct advertising overwhelming. Because there are too many ads, and many advertising commitments to honor the integrity of a number of emerging issues, with the changes in values, the confidence of customers for the advertisers are increasingly reced. In fact, customer care is reflected in the details of the real experience, a good brand in the details for customers to get real comfortable experience times in fact, a hundred times better than advertising.
Real estate developers a clear understanding of the need to: modern marketing has entered the "Experience Era", the real estate instry, the environment, characteristics has changed, consumers also enjoy a greater degree of change, which requires enterprises to adopt an appropriate marketing. In the end what kind of marketing is appropriate for their own? I believe that real estate developers must change the way of creating value, and consumers to create value, so that consumers become co-creators of experience.
Consumer value is the core of marketing attention to what customers value is the fundamental question of winning. Traditional textbook lists four kinds of consumer value, namely, functional value, emotional value, social value and personal value. At present, the company has "experience" to the "experience economy" brought about by the new value. "Consumer experience" has become the first five kinds of consumer value, namely, the pursuit of consumer purchases and the value of the experience.

⑨ 本人急需一篇（關於市場營銷的英文文章），5千字英文，有中文的翻譯．

看看對你有沒有幫助。

The Competition
It is essential to know who the competition is and to understand their strengths and weaknesses. Factors to consider include:
Each of your competitor's experience, staying power, market position, strength, predictability and freedom to abandon the market must be evaluated.
Your Enterprise
An honest appraisal of the strength of your enterprise is a critical factor in the development of your strategy. Factors to consider include:
Enterprise capacity to be leader in low-cost proction considering cost control infrastructure, cost of materials, economies of scale, management skills, availability of personnel and compatibility of manufacturing resources with offering requirements.
The enterprise's ability to construct entry barriers to competition such as the creation of high switching costs, gaining substantial benefit from economies of scale, exclusive access to or clogging of distribution channels and the ability to clearly differentiate your offering from the competition.
The enterprise's ability to sustain its market position is determined by the potential for competitive imitation, resistance to inflation, ability to maintain high prices, the potential for proct obsolescence and the 'learning curve' faced by the prospect.
The prominence of the enterprise.
The competence of the management team.
The adequacy of the enterprise's infrastructure in terms of organization, recruiting capabilities, employee benefit programs, customer support facilities and logistical capabilities.
The freedom of the enterprise to make critical business decisions without une influence from distributors, suppliers, unions, creditors, investors and other outside influences.
Freedom from having to deal with legal problems.
Development
A review of the strength and viability of the proct/service development program will heavily influence the direction of your strategy. Factors to consider include:
The strength of the development manager including experience with personnel management, current and new technologies, complex projects and the equipment and tools used by the development personnel.
Personnel who understand the relevant technologies and are able to perform the tasks necessary to meet the development objectives.
Adequacy and appropriateness of the development tools and equipment.
The necessary funding to achieve the development objectives.
Design specifications that are manageable.
Proction
You should review your enterprise's proction organization with respect to their ability to cost effectively proce procts/services. The following factors are considered:
The strength of proction manager including experience with personnel management, current and new technologies, complex projects and the equipment and tools used by the manufacturing personnel.
Economies of scale allowing the sharing of operations, sharing of proction and the potential for vertical integration.
Technology and proction experience
The necessary proction personnel skill level and/or the enterprise's ability to hire or train qualified personnel.
The ability of the enterprise to limit suppliers bargaining power.
The ability of the enterprise to control the quality of raw materials and proction.
Adequate access to raw materials and sub-assembly proction.
Marketing/Sales
The marketing and sales organization is analyzed for its strengths and current activities. Factors to consider include:
Experience of Marketing/Sales manager including contacts in the instry (prospects, distribution channels, media), familiarity with advertising and promotion, personal selling capabilities, general management skills and a history of profit and loss responsibilities.
The ability to generate good publicity as measured by past successes, contacts in the press, quality of promotional literature and market ecation capabilities.
Sales promotion techniques such as trade allowances, special pricing and contests.
The effectiveness of your distribution channels as measured by history of relations, the extent of channel utilization, financial stability, reputation, access to prospects and familiarity with your offering.
Advertising capabilities including media relationships, advertising budget, past experience, how easily the offering can be advertised and commitment to advertising.
Sales capabilities including availability of personnel, quality of personnel, location of sales outlets, ability to generate sales leads, relationship with distributors, ability to demonstrate the benefits of the offering and necessary sales support capabilities.
The appropriateness of the pricing of your offering as it relates to competition, price sensitivity of the prospect, prospect's familiarity with the offering and the current market life cycle stage.
Customer Services
The strength of the customer service function has a strong influence on long term market success. Factors to consider include:
Experience of the Customer Service manager in the areas of similar offerings and customers, quality control, technical support, proct documentation, sales and marketing.
The availability of technical support to service your offering after it is purchased.
One or more factors that causes your customer support to stand out as unique in the eyes of the customer.
Accessibility of service outlets for the customer.
The reputation of the enterprise for customer service.
Conclusion
After defining your strategy you must use the information you have gathered to determine whether this strategy will achieve the objective of making your enterprise competitive in the marketplace. Two of the most important assessments are described below.
Cost To Enter Market
This is an analysis of the factors that will influence your costs to achieve significant market penetration. Factors to consider include:
Your marketing strength.
Access to low cost materials and effective proction.
The experience of your enterprise.
The complexity of introction problems such as lack of adherence to instry standards, unavailability of materials, poor quality control, regulatory problems and the inability to explain the benefits of the offering to the prospect.
The effectiveness of the enterprise infrastructure in terms of organization, recruiting capabilities, employee benefit programs, customer support facilities and logistical capabilities.
Distribution effectiveness as measured by history of relations, the extent of channel utilization, financial stability, reputation, access to prospects and familiarity with your offering.
Technological efforts likely to be successful as measured by the strength of the development organization.
The availability of adequate operating capital.
Profit Potential
This is an analysis of the factors that could influence the potential for generating and maintaining profits over an extended period. Factors to consider include:
Potential for competitive retaliation is based on the competitors resources, commitment to the instry, cash position and predictability as well as the status of the market.
The enterprise's ability to construct entry barriers to competition such as the creation of high switching costs, gaining substantial benefit from economies of scale, exclusive access to or clogging of distribution channels and the ability to clearly differentiate your offering from the competition.
The intensity of competitive rivalry as measured by the size and number of competitors, limitations on exiting the market, differentiation between offerings and the rapidity of market growth.
The ability of the enterprise to limit suppliers bargaining power.
The enterprise's ability to sustain its market position is determined by the potential for competitive imitation, resistance to inflation, ability to maintain high prices, the potential for proct obsolescence and the 'learning curve' faced by the prospect.
The availability of substitute solutions to the prospect's need.
The prospect's bargaining power as measured by the ease of switching to an alternative, the cost to look at alternatives, the cost of the offering, the differentiation between your offering and the competition and the degree of the prospect's need.
Market potential for new procts considering market growth, prospect's need for your offering, the benefits of the offering, the number of barriers to immediate use, the credibility of the offering and the impact on the customer's daily operations.
The freedom of the enterprise to make critical business decisions without une influence from distributors, suppliers, unions, investors and other outside influences.

⑩ 請分別用10,20,50,500字描述市場營銷的內容(字的英文指子母)

市場營銷（Marketing），又稱為市場學、市場行銷或行銷學，MBA、EMBA等經典商管課程均將市場營銷作為對管理者進行管理和教育的重要模塊包含在內。市場營銷是在創造、溝通、傳播和交換產品中，為顧客、客戶、合作夥伴以及整個社會帶來經濟價值的活動、過程和體系。主要是指營銷人員針對市場開展經營活動、銷售行為的過程。