電子商務相關外文文獻

⑷ 電子商務英文文獻

Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, consists of the buying and selling of procts or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade concted electronically has grown extraordinarily since the spread of the Internet. A wide variety of commerce is concted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.

A large percentage of electronic commerce is concted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.

Electronic commerce that is concted between businesses is referred to as Business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market).

Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.

History

Early development
The meaning of electronic commerce has changed over the last 30 years. Originally, electronic commerce meant the facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both introced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to send commercial documents like purchase orders or invoices electronically. The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic commerce. From the 1990s onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource planning systems (ERP), data mining and data warehousing.

Perhaps it is introced from the Telephone Exchange Office, or maybe not.The earliest example of many-to-many electronic commerce in physical goods was the Boston Computer Exchange, a marketplace for used computers launched in 1982. The first online information marketplace, including online consulting, was likely the American Information Exchange, another pre-Internet online system introced in 1991.

Timeline
1990: Tim Berners-Lee wrote the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer.
1992: J.H. Snider and Terra Ziporyn published Future Shop: How New Technologies Will Change the Way We Shop and What We Buy. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312063598.
1994: Netscape released the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla. Pizza Hut offered pizza ordering on its Web page. The first online bank opened. Attempts to offer flower delivery and magazine subscriptions online. Alt materials were also commercially available, as were cars and bikes. Netscape 1.0 in late 1994 introced SSL encryption that made transactions secure.
1995: Jeff Bezos launched Amazon.com and the first commercial-free 24 hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK and NetRadio started broadcasting. Dell and Cisco began to aggressively use Internet for commercial transactions. eBay was founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb.
1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web.
1999: business.com was sold for US $7.5 million, which was purchased in 1997 for US $150,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster was launched.
2000: The dot-com bust.
2003: Amazon.com had its first year with a full year of profit.

Business applications
Some common applications related to electronic commerce are:

E-mail and messaging
Documents, spreadsheets, database
Accounting and finance systems
Orders and shipment information
Enterprise and client information reporting
Domestic and international payment systems
Newsgroup
On-line Shopping
Messaging
Conferencing

Government regulations
In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive.[1] Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers』 personal information.[2] As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.

Forms
Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering "digital" content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to "meta" services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce.

On the consumer level, electronic commerce is mostly concted on the World Wide Web. An indivial can go online to purchase anything from books, grocery to expensive items like real estate. Another example will be online banking like online bill payments, buying stocks, transferring funds from one account to another, and initiating wire payment to another country. All these activities can be done with a few keystrokes on the keyboard.

On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce these days.

電子商務或EC（英語: E-Commerce）是指在互聯網(Internet)、企業內部網 (Intranet) 和增值網(VAN， Added Network)上以電子交易方式進行交易活動和相關服務活動，是傳統商業活動各環節的電子化、網路化。電子商務包括電子貨幣交換、供應鏈管理、電子交易市場、網路營銷、在線事務處理、電子數據交換（EDI）、存貨管理和自動數據收集系統。在此過程中，利用到的信息技術包括：互聯網、外聯網、電子郵件、資料庫、電子目錄和行動電話。

而廣義上的電子商務—電子業務或EB（英語: E-Business）則是指對整個商業活動實現電子化，也就是指應用電腦與網路技術與現代信息化通信技術，按照一定標准，利用電子化工具（有時甚至指整個電子媒介領域，包括廣播、電視、電話通訊等等）來實現包括電子商務(或電子交易)在內的商業交換和行政作業的商貿活動的全過程。

發展歷史
在過去的30年間，電子商務的概念發生了很大的變化. 最初，電子商務意味著利用電子化的手段，將商業買賣活動簡化，通常使用的技術包括電子數據交換（EDI）和電子貨幣轉帳，這些技術均是在20世紀70年代末期開始應用。典型的應用是將采購訂單和發票之類的商業文檔通過電子數據的方式發送出去。

電子商務中的「電子」指的是採用的技術和系統，而「商務」指的是傳統的商業模式。電子商務被定義為一整套通過網路支持商業活動的過程。在70年代和80年代，信息分析技術進入電子商務。80年代，隨著信用卡、自動櫃員機和電話銀行的逐漸被接受和應用，這些也成為電子貿易的組成部分。進入90年代，企業資源計劃（ERP）、數據挖掘和數據倉庫也成為電子商務的一個部分。

在「.COM」時代，電子商務增加了新的組成部分——「網路貿易」，客戶在數據加密傳輸技術支持下，利用網上商店的虛擬購物車和信用卡等電子貨幣支付形式，通過互聯網完成商品和服務的采購。

如今，電子商務的涵蓋十分廣泛的商業行為，從電子銀行到信息化的物流管理。電子商務的增長促進了支持系統的發展和進步， 包括後台支持系統、應用系統和中間件，例如寬頻和光纖網路、供應鏈管理模塊、原料規劃模塊、客戶關系管理模塊、存貨控制模塊和會計核算/企業財務模塊。

當互聯網在1994進入公眾的視線時，很多記者和學者預測電子貿易將很快成為主要的商業應用模式。然而，安全協議（例如HTTPS）用了四年的時間才發展的足夠成熟並獲得大范圍的應用。接下來，在1998年和2000年之間，大量的美國和西歐公司開發了許多不成熟的網站。

雖然大量的「純電子商務」公司在2000年和2001年的「.COM」衰退期消失了，還是有很多傳統的「水泥加磚塊」的零售企業認識到這些「.COM」公司揭示了潛在的有價值的市場空間，開始將電子商務的功能增加到網站上。例如，在在線食品銷售公司Webvan倒閉後，兩家傳統的連鎖超級市場Albertsons和Safeway都開始了附屬的電子商務功能，消費者可以直接在線訂購食品。

電子商務的成功因素

技術和組織方面
在很多案例中，一個電子商務公司存活下來，不僅僅是基於自身的產品，而且還擁有一個有能力的管理團隊、良好的售前服務、組織良好的商業結構、網路基礎和一個安全的，設計良好的網站，這些因素包括：

足夠的市場研究和分析。電子商務需要有可行的商業計劃並遵守供需的基本原理。在電子商務領域的失敗往往和其他商業領域的一樣，缺乏對商業基本原則的領會。
一支出色的被信息技術策略武裝起來的管理團隊。一個公司的信息戰略需要成為商業流程重組的一個部分。
為客戶提供一個方便而且安全的方式進行交易。信用卡是最互聯網上普遍的支付手段，大約90%的在線支付均使用信用卡的方式完成。在過去，加密的信用卡號碼信息通過獨立的第三方支付網關在顧客和商戶之間傳遞，現在大部分小企業和個體企業還是如此。如今大部分規模稍大的公司直接在網站上通過與商業銀行或是信用卡公司之間的協議處理信用卡交易。
提供高可靠性和安全性的交易。例如利用並行計算、硬體冗餘、失敗處理、信息加密和網路防火牆技術來達到這個需求。
提供360度視角的客戶關系，即確保無論是公司的雇員、供應商還是夥伴均可以獲得對客戶完整和一致的視角，而不是被選擇或者過濾得信息。因為，客戶不會對在權威主義（老大哥）監視的感覺有好的評價。
構建一個商業模型。如果在2000年的教科書上有這麼一段，很多「.com」公司可能不會破產。
設計一個電子商務價值鏈，關注在數量有限的核心競爭力上，而不是一個一站購齊的解決方案。如果合適的編製程序，網路商店可以在專業或者通用的特性中獲得其中一個。
運作最前沿或者盡可能的接近最前沿的技術，並且在緊緊跟隨技術的變化。（但是需要記住，商業的基本規則和技術的基本規則有很大的區別，不要同樣在商業模式上趕時髦）
建立一個足夠敏感和敏捷的組織，及時應對在經濟、社會和環境上發生的任何變化。
提供一個有足夠吸引力的網站。有品味的使用顏色、圖片、動畫、照片、字體和足夠的留白空間可以達到這一目標。
流暢的商業流程，可以通過流程再造和信息技術來獲得。
提供能完全理解商品和服務的信息，不僅僅包括全部產品信息還有可靠的顧問建議和挑選建議。
自然，電子商務供應商行業需要履行普世的原則，例如保證提供的商品的質量和可用性、物流的可靠性，並且及時有效的處理客戶的投訴。在網路環境下，有一個獨一無二的特點，客戶可以獲得遠多於傳統的「磚塊+水泥」地商業環境下關於商家

顧客為先
一個成功的電子商務機構必須提供一個既滿意而又具意義的經驗給顧客。都由各種顧客為先因素構成，包括以下:

提供額外的利益給顧客: 電子銷售商如要做到這一點，可提供產品或其產品系列，以一個較低的價格吸引潛在的客戶、如傳統商貿一樣.
提供優質服務: 提供一個互動及易於使用的購買經驗及場所，亦如傳統零售商一樣， 都有助某程度上達至上述目標。為鼓勵顧客再回來購買。可利用贈品或促銷禮券、優惠及折扣等。 還可以互相連接其他相關網站和廣告聯盟等。
提供個人服務: 提供個人化的網站、購買建議、個人及特別優惠的方式，有助增加互動、人性化來代替傳統的銷售方式。
提供社區意識: 可以聊天室、討論板以及一些忠誠顧客計劃(亦稱親和力計劃)都對提供社區意識有一定的幫助。
令顧客擁有全面性的體驗: 提供電子個人化服務，根據顧客的喜好，提供個別服務，使顧客感受與別不同的體驗，便可成為公司獨特的賣點及品牌。
自助方式: 提供自助式服務網站、易用及無須協助的環境，都有一定的幫助。包括所有的產品資料，交叉推銷信息、諮詢產品補替、用品及配件選擇等。
提供各種資訊: 如個人電子通訊錄、網上購物等。透過豐富的比較資料及良好的搜索設備，提供信息和構件安全、健康的評論給顧客。可協助個人電子服務來確定更多潛在顧客。

失敗因素
個人資料的外泄是最大的因素，如果有駭客破解網頁原始碼，並在網頁上種下木馬或是病毒，只要你登入並打上個人資料，駭客便可以馬上知道你在網頁上打下哪些個人資料。所以如何保護顧客的個資等是電子商務最大的問題，如果不妥善處理，那此電子店家便會被淘汰。

⑸ 電子商務專業的外文文獻去哪裡找

上你們學校的校園網站，找圖書館這一欄，裡面肯定有文獻。

⑹ 求助 一篇有關電子商務的英文文獻

一篇電子商務英文文獻(The development of e-commerce )-
A perfect market

May 13th 2004
From The Economist print edition

E-commerce is coming of age, says Paul Markillie, but not in the way predicted in the bubble years

WHEN the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded. The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users. Now valuations are rising again and some of the dotcoms are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet』 potential. The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true.

The raw numbers tell only part of the story. According to America』s Department of Commerce, online retail sales in the world』s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion. That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1.6% of total retail sales. The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old 「bricks-and-mortar」 world.

But the commerce department』s figures deal with only part of the retail instry. For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce. InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of expedia.com and hotels.com, alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online.

Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Alt Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide). They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada.

Tip of the iceberg

And there is more. The commerce department』s figures include the fees earned by internet auction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of trade was done last year on eBay, the biggest online auctioneer. Nor, by definition, do they include the billions of dollars-worth of goods bought and sold by businesses connecting to each other over the internet. Some of these B2B services are proprietary; for example, Wal-Mart tells its suppliers that they must use its own system if they want to be part of its annual turnover of $250 billion.

So e-commerce is already very big, and it is going to get much bigger. But the actual value of transactions currently concluded online is dwarfed by the extraordinary influence the internet is exerting over purchases carried out in the offline world. That influence is becoming an integral part of e-commerce.

To start with, the internet is profoundly changing consumer behaviour. One in five customers walking into a Sears department store in America to buy an electrical appliance will have researched their purchase online—and most will know down to a dime what they intend to pay. More surprisingly, three out of four Americans start shopping for new cars online, even though most end up buying them from traditional dealers. The difference is that these customers come to the showroom armed with information about the car and the best available deals. Sometimes they even have computer print-outs identifying the particular vehicle from the dealer』s stock that they want to buy.

Half of the 60m consumers in Europe who have an internet connection bought procts offline after having investigated prices and details online, according to a study by Forrester, a research consultancy (see chart 1). Different countries have different habits. In Italy and Spain, for instance, people are twice as likely to buy offline as online after researching on the internet. But in Britain and Germany, the two most developed internet markets, the numbers are evenly split. Forrester says that people begin to shop online for simple, predictable procts, such as DVDs, and then graate to more complex items. Used-car sales are now one of the biggest online growth areas in America.

People seem to enjoy shopping on the internet, if high customer-satisfaction scores are any guide. Websites are doing ever more and cleverer things to serve and entertain their customers, and seem set to take a much bigger share of people』s overall spending in the future.

Why websites matter

This has enormous implications for business. A company that neglects its website may be committing commercial suicide. A website is increasingly becoming the gateway to a company』s brand, procts and services—even if the firm does not sell online. A useless website suggests a useless company, and a rival is only a mouse-click away. But even the coolest website will be lost in cyberspace if people cannot find it, so companies have to ensure that they appear high up in internet search results.

For many users, a search site is now their point of entry to the internet. The best-known search engine has already entered the lexicon: people say they have 「Googled」 a company, a proct or their plumber. The search business has also developed one of the most effective forms of advertising on the internet. And it is already the best way to reach some consumers: teenagers and young men spend more time online than watching television. All this means that search is turning into the internet』s next big battleground as Google defends itself against challenges from Yahoo! and Microsoft.

The other way to get noticed online is to offer goods and services through one of the big sites that already get a lot of traffic. Ebay, Yahoo! and Amazon are becoming huge trading platforms for other companies. But to take part, a company』s procts have to stand up to intense price competition. People check online prices, compare them with those in their local high street and may well take a peek at what customers in other countries are paying. Even if websites are prevented from shipping their goods abroad, there are plenty of web-based entrepreneurs ready to oblige.

What is going on here is arbitrage between different sales channels, says Mohanbir Sawhney, professor of technology at the Kellogg School of Management in Chicago. For instance, someone might use the internet to research digital cameras, but visit a photographic shop for a hands-on demonstration. 「I』ll think about it,」 they will tell the sales assistant. Back home, they will use a search engine to find the lowest price and buy online. In this way, consumers are 「deconstructing the purchasing process」, says Professor Sawhney. They are unbundling proct information from the transaction itself.

All about me

It is not only price transparency that makes internet consumers so powerful; it is also the way the net makes it easy for them to be fickle. If they do not like a website, they swiftly move on. 「The web is the most selfish environment in the world,」 says Daniel Rosensweig, chief operating officer of Yahoo! 「People want to use the internet whenever they want, how they want and for whatever they want.」

Yahoo! is not alone in defining its strategy as working out what its customers (260m unique users every month) are looking for, and then trying to give it to them. The first thing they want is to become better informed about procts and prices. 「We operate our business on that belief,」 says Jeff Bezos, Amazon』s chief executive. Amazon became famous for books, but long ago branched out into selling lots of other things too; among its latest ventures are health procts, jewellery and gourmet food. Apart from cheap and bulky items such as garden rakes, Mr Bezos thinks he can sell most things. And so do the millions of people who use eBay.

And yet nobody thinks real shops are finished, especially those operating in niche markets. Many bricks-and-mortar bookshops still make a good living, as do flea markets. But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher time. Erik Blachford, the head of IAC』s travel side and boss of Expedia, the biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than half. Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next decade. That would represent a massive shift in spending.

How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into showrooms. There are already signs of change on the high street. The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display procts, in the full expectation that many people will buy online. To some extent, the online and offline worlds may merge. Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled website. But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their orders.

One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the consumer. So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else?

One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online trade. But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and proct information quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to grow. Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best buy. This market has the potential to become as perfect as it gets.

[1]Singh M P， An Evolutionary Look at E-Commerce， IEEE Internet Computing，2001.5，P77～78
[2]Rabinovitch E, The state of E-commerce, IEEE Communications magazine,2001.3,P12～12

[3]Amit R, Zott C. Value creation in e-business. Strategic Management Journal 2001;22:493–520

⑺ 求兩篇關於電子商務英文參考文獻

http://59.42.244.59/Readers/Index.aspx
http://www.nstl.gov.cn/index.html

⑻ 急求電子商務相關參考文獻，英文的，只要只要標題和作者

標題、作者、年份

《E-commerce: the role of familiarity and trust》
D Gefen - Omega, 2000

《What trust means in e-commerce customer relationships: an interdisciplinary conceptual typology》
DH McKnight,2001

《 Fuzzy decision support system for risk analysis in e-commerce development》
EWT Ngai, 2005

《 Interactive decision aids for consumer decision making in e-commerce: the influence of perceived strategy restrictiveness》
W Wang, 2009

⑼ 關於電子商務與物流管理的外文文獻推薦

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⑽ 求一電子商務的外文文獻

題目1：Electronic Commerce in Developing Countries 鏈接1： http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/wp/00-3.pdf 題目2：Privacy in Electronic Commerce and the Economics of Immediate Gratification 鏈接2： http://www.heinz.cmu.e/~acquisti/papers/privacy-gratification.pdf 題目3：THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE 鏈接3：URL http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/3/12/1944883.pdf 題目4：Transatlantic Issues in Electronic Commerce 鏈接4： http://www.iie.com/publications/wp/00-7.pdf 找了很久，以下這個模板不錯 http://www.wimb.cn/mb/1/show-2038.html http://v.buhen.com 《現代企業信息化經典教材2008版之——供應鏈的電子商務平台》《百家講壇—玄奘西遊記》《2008最新商務機關創建節能型機關方案與強制采購節能產品制度及清單制定規范實務全書》