㈠ 電子商務英文文獻
Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, consists of the buying and selling of procts or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade concted electronically has grown extraordinarily since the spread of the Internet. A wide variety of commerce is concted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.
A large percentage of electronic commerce is concted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.
Electronic commerce that is concted between businesses is referred to as Business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market).
Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.
History
Early development
The meaning of electronic commerce has changed over the last 30 years. Originally, electronic commerce meant the facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both introced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to send commercial documents like purchase orders or invoices electronically. The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic commerce. From the 1990s onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource planning systems (ERP), data mining and data warehousing.
Perhaps it is introced from the Telephone Exchange Office, or maybe not.The earliest example of many-to-many electronic commerce in physical goods was the Boston Computer Exchange, a marketplace for used computers launched in 1982. The first online information marketplace, including online consulting, was likely the American Information Exchange, another pre-Internet online system introced in 1991.
Timeline
1990: Tim Berners-Lee wrote the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer.
1992: J.H. Snider and Terra Ziporyn published Future Shop: How New Technologies Will Change the Way We Shop and What We Buy. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312063598.
1994: Netscape released the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla. Pizza Hut offered pizza ordering on its Web page. The first online bank opened. Attempts to offer flower delivery and magazine subscriptions online. Alt materials were also commercially available, as were cars and bikes. Netscape 1.0 in late 1994 introced SSL encryption that made transactions secure.
1995: Jeff Bezos launched Amazon.com and the first commercial-free 24 hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK and NetRadio started broadcasting. Dell and Cisco began to aggressively use Internet for commercial transactions. eBay was founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb.
1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web.
1999: business.com was sold for US $7.5 million, which was purchased in 1997 for US $150,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster was launched.
2000: The dot-com bust.
2003: Amazon.com had its first year with a full year of profit.
Business applications
Some common applications related to electronic commerce are:
E-mail and messaging
Documents, spreadsheets, database
Accounting and finance systems
Orders and shipment information
Enterprise and client information reporting
Domestic and international payment systems
Newsgroup
On-line Shopping
Messaging
Conferencing
Government regulations
In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive.[1] Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers』 personal information.[2] As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.
Forms
Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering "digital" content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to "meta" services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce.
On the consumer level, electronic commerce is mostly concted on the World Wide Web. An indivial can go online to purchase anything from books, grocery to expensive items like real estate. Another example will be online banking like online bill payments, buying stocks, transferring funds from one account to another, and initiating wire payment to another country. All these activities can be done with a few keystrokes on the keyboard.
On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce these days.
電子商務或EC（英語: E-Commerce）是指在互聯網(Internet)、企業內部網 (Intranet) 和增值網(VAN， Added Network)上以電子交易方式進行交易活動和相關服務活動，是傳統商業活動各環節的電子化、網路化。電子商務包括電子貨幣交換、供應鏈管理、電子交易市場、網路營銷、在線事務處理、電子數據交換（EDI）、存貨管理和自動數據收集系統。在此過程中，利用到的信息技術包括：互聯網、外聯網、電子郵件、資料庫、電子目錄和行動電話。
而廣義上的電子商務—電子業務或EB（英語: E-Business）則是指對整個商業活動實現電子化，也就是指應用電腦與網路技術與現代信息化通信技術，按照一定標准，利用電子化工具（有時甚至指整個電子媒介領域，包括廣播、電視、電話通訊等等）來實現包括電子商務(或電子交易)在內的商業交換和行政作業的商貿活動的全過程。
發展歷史
在過去的30年間，電子商務的概念發生了很大的變化. 最初，電子商務意味著利用電子化的手段，將商業買賣活動簡化，通常使用的技術包括電子數據交換（EDI）和電子貨幣轉帳，這些技術均是在20世紀70年代末期開始應用。典型的應用是將采購訂單和發票之類的商業文檔通過電子數據的方式發送出去。
電子商務中的「電子」指的是採用的技術和系統，而「商務」指的是傳統的商業模式。電子商務被定義為一整套通過網路支持商業活動的過程。在70年代和80年代，信息分析技術進入電子商務。80年代，隨著信用卡、自動櫃員機和電話銀行的逐漸被接受和應用，這些也成為電子貿易的組成部分。進入90年代，企業資源計劃（ERP）、數據挖掘和數據倉庫也成為電子商務的一個部分。
在「.COM」時代，電子商務增加了新的組成部分——「網路貿易」，客戶在數據加密傳輸技術支持下，利用網上商店的虛擬購物車和信用卡等電子貨幣支付形式，通過互聯網完成商品和服務的采購。
如今，電子商務的涵蓋十分廣泛的商業行為，從電子銀行到信息化的物流管理。電子商務的增長促進了支持系統的發展和進步， 包括後台支持系統、應用系統和中間件，例如寬頻和光纖網路、供應鏈管理模塊、原料規劃模塊、客戶關系管理模塊、存貨控制模塊和會計核算/企業財務模塊。
當互聯網在1994進入公眾的視線時，很多記者和學者預測電子貿易將很快成為主要的商業應用模式。然而，安全協議（例如HTTPS）用了四年的時間才發展的足夠成熟並獲得大范圍的應用。接下來，在1998年和2000年之間，大量的美國和西歐公司開發了許多不成熟的網站。
雖然大量的「純電子商務」公司在2000年和2001年的「.COM」衰退期消失了，還是有很多傳統的「水泥加磚塊」的零售企業認識到這些「.COM」公司揭示了潛在的有價值的市場空間，開始將電子商務的功能增加到網站上。例如，在在線食品銷售公司Webvan倒閉後，兩家傳統的連鎖超級市場Albertsons和Safeway都開始了附屬的電子商務功能，消費者可以直接在線訂購食品。
電子商務的成功因素
技術和組織方面
在很多案例中，一個電子商務公司存活下來，不僅僅是基於自身的產品，而且還擁有一個有能力的管理團隊、良好的售前服務、組織良好的商業結構、網路基礎和一個安全的，設計良好的網站，這些因素包括：
足夠的市場研究和分析。電子商務需要有可行的商業計劃並遵守供需的基本原理。在電子商務領域的失敗往往和其他商業領域的一樣，缺乏對商業基本原則的領會。
一支出色的被信息技術策略武裝起來的管理團隊。一個公司的信息戰略需要成為商業流程重組的一個部分。
為客戶提供一個方便而且安全的方式進行交易。信用卡是最互聯網上普遍的支付手段，大約90%的在線支付均使用信用卡的方式完成。在過去，加密的信用卡號碼信息通過獨立的第三方支付網關在顧客和商戶之間傳遞，現在大部分小企業和個體企業還是如此。如今大部分規模稍大的公司直接在網站上通過與商業銀行或是信用卡公司之間的協議處理信用卡交易。
提供高可靠性和安全性的交易。例如利用並行計算、硬體冗餘、失敗處理、信息加密和網路防火牆技術來達到這個需求。
提供360度視角的客戶關系，即確保無論是公司的雇員、供應商還是夥伴均可以獲得對客戶完整和一致的視角，而不是被選擇或者過濾得信息。因為，客戶不會對在權威主義（老大哥）監視的感覺有好的評價。
構建一個商業模型。如果在2000年的教科書上有這麼一段，很多「.com」公司可能不會破產。
設計一個電子商務價值鏈，關注在數量有限的核心競爭力上，而不是一個一站購齊的解決方案。如果合適的編製程序，網路商店可以在專業或者通用的特性中獲得其中一個。
運作最前沿或者盡可能的接近最前沿的技術，並且在緊緊跟隨技術的變化。（但是需要記住，商業的基本規則和技術的基本規則有很大的區別，不要同樣在商業模式上趕時髦）
建立一個足夠敏感和敏捷的組織，及時應對在經濟、社會和環境上發生的任何變化。
提供一個有足夠吸引力的網站。有品味的使用顏色、圖片、動畫、照片、字體和足夠的留白空間可以達到這一目標。
流暢的商業流程，可以通過流程再造和信息技術來獲得。
提供能完全理解商品和服務的信息，不僅僅包括全部產品信息還有可靠的顧問建議和挑選建議。
自然，電子商務供應商行業需要履行普世的原則，例如保證提供的商品的質量和可用性、物流的可靠性，並且及時有效的處理客戶的投訴。在網路環境下，有一個獨一無二的特點，客戶可以獲得遠多於傳統的「磚塊+水泥」地商業環境下關於商家
顧客為先
一個成功的電子商務機構必須提供一個既滿意而又具意義的經驗給顧客。都由各種顧客為先因素構成，包括以下:
提供額外的利益給顧客: 電子銷售商如要做到這一點，可提供產品或其產品系列，以一個較低的價格吸引潛在的客戶、如傳統商貿一樣.
提供優質服務: 提供一個互動及易於使用的購買經驗及場所，亦如傳統零售商一樣， 都有助某程度上達至上述目標。為鼓勵顧客再回來購買。可利用贈品或促銷禮券、優惠及折扣等。 還可以互相連接其他相關網站和廣告聯盟等。
提供個人服務: 提供個人化的網站、購買建議、個人及特別優惠的方式，有助增加互動、人性化來代替傳統的銷售方式。
提供社區意識: 可以聊天室、討論板以及一些忠誠顧客計劃(亦稱親和力計劃)都對提供社區意識有一定的幫助。
令顧客擁有全面性的體驗: 提供電子個人化服務，根據顧客的喜好，提供個別服務，使顧客感受與別不同的體驗，便可成為公司獨特的賣點及品牌。
自助方式: 提供自助式服務網站、易用及無須協助的環境，都有一定的幫助。包括所有的產品資料，交叉推銷信息、諮詢產品補替、用品及配件選擇等。
提供各種資訊: 如個人電子通訊錄、網上購物等。透過豐富的比較資料及良好的搜索設備，提供信息和構件安全、健康的評論給顧客。可協助個人電子服務來確定更多潛在顧客。
失敗因素
個人資料的外泄是最大的因素，如果有駭客破解網頁原始碼，並在網頁上種下木馬或是病毒，只要你登入並打上個人資料，駭客便可以馬上知道你在網頁上打下哪些個人資料。所以如何保護顧客的個資等是電子商務最大的問題，如果不妥善處理，那此電子店家便會被淘汰。
㈡ 用英語怎麼寫作文<電子商務展望>
Forecasting the Electronic commerce
E-Commerce, or Electronic Commerce, is a general term for any type of business, or commercial transaction, that involves the transfer of information across the Internet. This covers a range of different types of businesses, from consumer-based retail sites like Amazon.com, through auction and music sites like eBay or MP3.com, to business exchanges trading goods or services between corporations.
Electronic Commerce has expanded rapidly over the past five years and this growth is forecast to continue or even accelerate. It is likely that in the future the boundaries between "conventional" and "electronic" commerce will become increasingly blurred as more and more businesses move parts of their operation onto the Internet.
㈢ 求兩篇關於電子商務的英文文獻
查到很多，但是我電腦下載速度慢,現在弄到三篇文章全文
如果你覺得合適
發郵件到我郵箱我給你全文
[email protected]
[1] Wade, M. and S. Nevo, Development and Validation of a Perceptual Instrument to Measure E-Commerce Performance. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 2006. 10(2): p. 123-146.
[2] Belanger, F., E-Commerce Web Development: Perspective from the Field. Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations, 2006. 4(2): p. 1–4.
[3] Fisher, J., H. Scheepers, and R. Scheepers, E-Commerce Research in Australia. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS, 2007. 19(1): p. 39.
㈣ 求一篇英語作文 電子商務對我們日常生活的影響
1.寒假生活）
Dear Tom
Long time no see, how is you winter holiday?
By the way, I have a good holiday in perfect order. Because i make a studying schele for myself. In the morning, I read English texts to improve my spoken English. Then I do my homework ring the day time. After supper, I stay with my parents watching TV or movies. On weekends, I go to visit my grandparents and help them clean their house. This is my winter holiday. What about you?
Yours:
XXX
2.（理想職業）
Since I was a child I dream to be a scientist. I think a good scientist can make the world change a lot. If I become a scientist, I will make the desert cover with green trees, make the war never take places and make disaster get far away from people. Now, although I am only a student and lack of creativity. I will study science harder and harder. Because I believe that "There is a will, there is a way! "
3.提建議）Sandstorms
Nowadays sandstorm becomes such a serious problem. It pollutes the air and disturbs the daily lives of people.
I think we should solve this problem as soon as possible. My suggestions are as follow: for one thing, more funds ought to be put into trees planting and forest protection so as to keep more water resources within the surface of the earth. For another, governments of all countries should found some laws concerning environmental protection.
Everyone knows that there is only one earth, lf we go on destroying her, it won』t be fit for us to live in any longer. Now it』s time for us to love her, take good care of her and cure her.
4.禮物）我最喜歡的禮物
Among all the presents that I have ever received, I like my diary book best. I got it from my best friend.
In the diary, there are many beautiful poems, which contain wisdom, sorrow and deep feelings of love. It was amazing that I loved almost every poem. My friend also wrote on the first page of the diary "May you take down the beautiful memories of life."
I did write something special and important to me, and now the diary has become a record of my young life, a memorial of the precious friendship between my friend and me.
5.A TRIP TO the COUNTRY 鄉村游記
One Sunday my mother (Mother) had (made) me take my little young brother to the a trip to the country. She bade me take good care of him.
While we were walking along the road, the sun was shining brightly and the breeze was blowing gently. We saw the beautiful flowers smile (smiling) at us and heard the birds sing (singing) their sweet songs on the trees. The scenery was indeed very pretty (beautiful).
When we felt tired, we returned home. We saw Mother (our mother) wait (waiting) for us at the door.
有一個星期日，我母親叫我帶小弟弟去鄉村游歷。她吩咐我要好好照料他。
當我們沿著道路行走的時候，太陽燦爛地照耀著，微風輕輕地吹著。我們看見美麗的花兒對我們微笑著，並聽見鳥兒在樹上唱著悅耳的歌曲，風景實十分美麗。
當我們感覺到疲倦的時候，我們就回家了。我們看見母樣正在門口等候我們。
MY BIRTHDAY 我的生日
Yesterday was my birthday, so some of my classmates sent me presents. Mother prepared a tea party for me. I invited all of them to come and take part in it.The tea party began at half past six. There were cold drinks and refreshments. We ate, talked and laughed. We felt that we were the happiest men in the world.Time passed quickly. In a twinkling, the clock on the wall struck nine. We could not but say 「Good-bye」 to one another.
昨天是我生日，所以有幾位我的同班同學送我禮。母親給我准備一個茶會。我邀請他們都前來參加。茶會下午六點半開始。有冷飲和點心。我們又吃又談又笑。我們覺得是世界上最快樂的人。時間過得很快。轉瞬間，牆上的鍾敲九點了。我們不得不互道再見。
MY DAILY LIFE 我的日常生活
Though my daily life is extremely monotonous, I try hard to adapt myself to it. Why? Because I intend to be a good student. I wish to render service to my country.
I get up at six o』clock every day. After I wash my face and brush my teeth, I begin to review my lessons. I go to school at seven o』clock.
After school is over, I return home. We usually have supper at seven o』clock.then I begin to do my homework. I want to finish it before I go to bed.
雖然我的日常生活十分單調，但我卻竭力設法去適應它。為什麼？因為我打算做一個好學生，希望將來為國家服務。
我每天六點起床、洗臉刷牙後，就開始復習功課，七點鍾我就去上學。
放學後，我就回家了。我們通常在七點鍾吃晚餐，之後我就開始做家庭作業，希望在睡覺前把它做完。
I have rested for a week. I began to feel bored. So I went out with my friends. They are my best friends in the middle school. We didn』t go to someplace special. We just saw the other. We had lunch together. While we were having lunch, we were still talking about the new school and new friends. Yes! A year later, we have grown riper. And we learned much more things and got new life. We haven』t enough time to play, to waste and to lose the way. We only have two years. Two years to go, we will get the real life which belongs to us.
January 18 2005 年
我休息了一個星期。我開始了對感覺乏味。如此我出去了與我的朋友。他們是我的最好的朋友在中學。我們沒去在某處特別。我們看見了其他。我們一起吃了午餐。當我們吃午餐, 我們仍然談論新學校和新朋友。是! 一年後, 我們增長更加成熟。並且我們學會了更多事和有新生活。我們沒有足夠時間演奏, 浪費和迷路。我們只有二年。二年去, 我們將有屬於我們的真正的生活。
live very happily today! In the morning, it is very fine! Then I climb the mountain with family, the air on the mountain is very fresh, the flowers plants and trees on the mountain all seem extremely beautiful. In the afternoon, I go to friend's home to play, the friend entertains me warmly, show me a lot of books of his , has listened to his CD for me , then also ask me to eat a sumptuous dinner. Coming back home in the evening, family and I sat and watched TV together, we are returning and eating the fruit while chatting, the whole family is happy and harmonious!
譯文：今天我過得非常開心！早上，天氣非常好！於是我和家人一起去登山，山上的空氣非常清新，山上的花草樹木都顯得格外美麗。下午，我去了朋友家玩，朋友熱情地招待我，給我看了他的很多書，給我聽了他的CD，然後還請我吃了一頓豐盛的晚餐。晚上回到家，我與家人坐在一起看電視，我們還一邊聊天一邊吃著水果，全家其樂融！
MY NATIVE TOWN 我的故鄉
My native town is X. We have settled down here since my grandfather was a child. In other words, my family has lived here for more than one hundred years.
It is a small village. there are about one thousand inhabitants. Most of them are farmers. The mode of their living is very simple. However, they have already possessed television sets and refrigerators. They made up their minds to live a modern life.
我的故鄉是X。我們自從祖父是小孩時，就定居在此地。換句話說，我們家人在此地已經住了一百餘年了。
這個小村莊。居民大約有一千人。他們大部分是農夫。他們的生活方式很簡單。然而，他們已擁有電視和冰箱。他們下定決心要過一個現代的生活。
㈤ 求翻譯一篇英文文章，電子商務相關論文，請勿用翻譯軟體。
的角色造型在性能測試的電子商務應用
阿爾貝托Avritzer ，各會員協會，並幗Weyuker學者，研究員，符合IEEE
摘要，一個電子商務的可擴展性的案例研究，提出這兩個傳統的性能測試和性能
模型被用來幫助優化應用的高性能。這涉及建立一個系統的模擬模型
以及發展的辦法，測試案例生成和執行。我們描述我們的經驗，使用模擬
模型來幫助診斷生產系統的問題，並討論如何的成效，性能測試的努力，
改善了其使用。
指數條款，軟體性能測試，軟體測試，性能建模，模擬，工作量定性。
1引言
傳統的做法對發展中國家關鍵任務
系統的可擴展性（即系統能夠處理
工作量大大超過那些為
他們最初設計）涉及廣泛的業績
測試的目標與現實的架構
工作量。模擬程序已成功
使用，以減少測試費用的幾個行業。一些
具體的例子是半導體[ 14 ] ，網路[ 7 ] ，
電信[ 4 ] ，航空航天，製造業和
制葯[ 8 ] 。模擬建模一直建議
作為一個途徑減輕時，可擴展性風險
適當的性能測試無法執行的
項目，由於缺乏合格的人員或一些
其他資源。在本文中，我們描述一個個案研究
我們使用了性能測試和模擬
建模，以幫助配置中的應用高
可擴展性。我們發現，模擬模型可
使用，極大地增強了有效性的表現
測試的努力和業績的建模和性能
測試是相輔相成的條件類型的
的問題，他們往往暴露。因此，他們應
結合使用對方。
㈥ 寫一篇英語作文電子商務的發展
As can be seen from the chart that money value of annual global electronic transactions id increasing graally in the seven years. In 1997, the money value of global electronic commerce transactions is US$ 2.6 billion, while the number reaches US$1000 billion, 500 times that of 1997. why is electronic commerce booming nowadays?
Several factors contribute to this phenomenon. First, the availability of computer is the foremost cause. The rapid development of computer technology enables everybody to have access to computer and Internet. Internet now no more a stranger to common people. Second, the technology of Internet is becoming more and more mature.
全文你參考這個「英語作文網」吧： http://www.adreep.cn/dxyy/2910.html
lcl1977
㈦ 英語高手請進，翻譯下面的文章（電子商務之類的文章）
一般來說，有2種不同形式電子貨幣：記名的電子貨幣 和無記名電子貨幣(也被稱為數字現金)。記名電子貨幣包含著從銀行里取款人的身份。於使用信用卡的方式相同，記名電子貨幣讓銀行能在商業往來中追蹤那筆款項的蹤跡。無記名電子貨幣根一般的紙鈔是一樣的。一旦無記名電子貨幣從帳戶里取出,它可以在毫無買賣的記錄的情況下送走或花掉。你可以使用盲簽名而不是據實簽名來做一筆無記名電子貨幣。
每種電子貨幣都有2種不同的種類：網上電子貨幣和脫離網路的離線電子貨幣
網上電子貨幣的意思是指必須和銀行聯絡（通過數據機或網路）與第三方實行買賣交易。離線電子貨幣的意思是可以在沒有銀行直接參與的情況下實行買賣。離線 無記名電子貨幣(真正的數字現金）是最為復雜的一種電子貨幣因為有重復付款的問題。
㈧ 求一篇關於電子商務的英文介紹
Electronic business, commonly referred to as "eBusiness" or "e-business", may be defined as the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in support of all the activities of business. Commerce constitutes the exchange of procts and services between businesses, groups and indivials and can be seen as one of the essential activities of any business. Electronic commerce focuses on the use of ICT to enable the external activities and relationships of the business with indivials, groups and other businesses [1].
Louis Gerstner, the former CEO of IBM, in his book, Who Says Elephants Can't Dance? attributes the term "e-Business" to IBM's marketing and Internet teams in 1996.
Electronic business methods enable companies to link their internal and external data processing systems more efficiently and flexibly, to work more closely with suppliers and partners, and to better satisfy the needs and expectations of their customers.
In practice, e-business is more than just e-commerce. While e-business refers to more strategic focus with an emphasis on the functions that occur using electronic capabilities, e-commerce is a subset of an overall e-business strategy. E-commerce seeks to add revenue streams using the World Wide Web or the Internet to build and enhance relationships with clients and partners and to improve efficiency using the Empty Vessel strategy. Often, e-commerce involves the application of knowledge management systems.
E-business involves business processes spanning the entire value chain: electronic purchasing and supply chain management, processing orders electronically, handling customer service, and cooperating with business partners. Special technical standards for e-business facilitate the exchange of data between companies. E-business software solutions allow the integration of intra and inter firm business processes. E-business can be concted using the Web, the Internet, intranets, extranets, or some combination of these.
Basically, electronic commerce (EC) is the process of buying, transferring, or exchanging procts, services, and/or information via computer networks, including the internet. EC can also be benifited from many perspective including business process, service, learning, collaborative, community. EC is often confused with e-business.
㈨ 需要一篇電子商務案例的英文文章
你好,我給你一個中英文對照的:
Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, consists of the buying and selling of procts or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade concted electronically has grown extraordinarily since the spread of the Internet. A wide variety of commerce is concted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.
A large percentage of electronic commerce is concted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.
Electronic commerce that is concted between businesses is referred to as Business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market).
Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.
History
Early development
The meaning of electronic commerce has changed over the last 30 years. Originally, electronic commerce meant the facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both introced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to send commercial documents like purchase orders or invoices electronically. The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic commerce. From the 1990s onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource planning systems (ERP), data mining and data warehousing.
Perhaps it is introced from the Telephone Exchange Office, or maybe not.The earliest example of many-to-many electronic commerce in physical goods was the Boston Computer Exchange, a marketplace for used computers launched in 1982. The first online information marketplace, including online consulting, was likely the American Information Exchange, another pre-Internet online system introced in 1991.
Timeline
1990: Tim Berners-Lee wrote the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer.
1992: J.H. Snider and Terra Ziporyn published Future Shop: How New Technologies Will Change the Way We Shop and What We Buy. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312063598.
1994: Netscape released the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla. Pizza Hut offered pizza ordering on its Web page. The first online bank opened. Attempts to offer flower delivery and magazine subscriptions online. Alt materials were also commercially available, as were cars and bikes. Netscape 1.0 in late 1994 introced SSL encryption that made transactions secure.
1995: Jeff Bezos launched Amazon.com and the first commercial-free 24 hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK and NetRadio started broadcasting. Dell and Cisco began to aggressively use Internet for commercial transactions. eBay was founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb.
1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web.
1999: business.com was sold for US $7.5 million, which was purchased in 1997 for US $150,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster was launched.
2000: The dot-com bust.
2003: Amazon.com had its first year with a full year of profit.
Business applications
Some common applications related to electronic commerce are:
E-mail and messaging
Documents, spreadsheets, database
Accounting and finance systems
Orders and shipment information
Enterprise and client information reporting
Domestic and international payment systems
Newsgroup
On-line Shopping
Messaging
Conferencing
Government regulations
In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive.[1] Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers』 personal information.[2] As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.
Forms
Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering "digital" content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to "meta" services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce.
On the consumer level, electronic commerce is mostly concted on the World Wide Web. An indivial can go online to purchase anything from books, grocery to expensive items like real estate. Another example will be online banking like online bill payments, buying stocks, transferring funds from one account to another, and initiating wire payment to another country. All these activities can be done with a few keystrokes on the keyboard.
On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce these days.
電子商務或EC（英語: E-Commerce）是指在互聯網(Internet)、企業內部網 (Intranet) 和增值網(VAN，Value Added Network)上以電子交易方式進行交易活動和相關服務活動，是傳統商業活動各環節的電子化、網路化。電子商務包括電子貨幣交換、供應鏈管理、電子交易市場、網路營銷、在線事務處理、電子數據交換（EDI）、存貨管理和自動數據收集系統。在此過程中，利用到的信息技術包括：互聯網、外聯網、電子郵件、資料庫、電子目錄和行動電話。
而廣義上的電子商務—電子業務或EB（英語: E-Business）則是指對整個商業活動實現電子化，也就是指應用電腦與網路技術與現代信息化通信技術，按照一定標准，利用電子化工具（有時甚至指整個電子媒介領域，包括廣播、電視、電話通訊等等）來實現包括電子商務(或電子交易)在內的商業交換和行政作業的商貿活動的全過程。
發展歷史
在過去的30年間，電子商務的概念發生了很大的變化. 最初，電子商務意味著利用電子化的手段，將商業買賣活動簡化，通常使用的技術包括電子數據交換（EDI）和電子貨幣轉帳，這些技術均是在20世紀70年代末期開始應用。典型的應用是將采購訂單和發票之類的商業文檔通過電子數據的方式發送出去。
電子商務中的「電子」指的是採用的技術和系統，而「商務」指的是傳統的商業模式。電子商務被定義為一整套通過網路支持商業活動的過程。在70年代和80年代，信息分析技術進入電子商務。80年代，隨著信用卡、自動櫃員機和電話銀行的逐漸被接受和應用，這些也成為電子貿易的組成部分。進入90年代，企業資源計劃（ERP）、數據挖掘和數據倉庫也成為電子商務的一個部分。
在「.COM」時代，電子商務增加了新的組成部分——「網路貿易」，客戶在數據加密傳輸技術支持下，利用網上商店的虛擬購物車和信用卡等電子貨幣支付形式，通過互聯網完成商品和服務的采購。
如今，電子商務的涵蓋十分廣泛的商業行為，從電子銀行到信息化的物流管理。電子商務的增長促進了支持系統的發展和進步， 包括後台支持系統、應用系統和中間件，例如寬頻和光纖網路、供應鏈管理模塊、原料規劃模塊、客戶關系管理模塊、存貨控制模塊和會計核算/企業財務模塊。
當互聯網在1994進入公眾的視線時，很多記者和學者預測電子貿易將很快成為主要的商業應用模式。然而，安全協議（例如HTTPS）用了四年的時間才發展的足夠成熟並獲得大范圍的應用。接下來，在1998年和2000年之間，大量的美國和西歐公司開發了許多不成熟的網站。
雖然大量的「純電子商務」公司在2000年和2001年的「.COM」衰退期消失了，還是有很多傳統的「水泥加磚塊」的零售企業認識到這些「.COM」公司揭示了潛在的有價值的市場空間，開始將電子商務的功能增加到網站上。例如，在在線食品銷售公司Webvan倒閉後，兩家傳統的連鎖超級市場Albertsons和Safeway都開始了附屬的電子商務功能，消費者可以直接在線訂購食品。
電子商務的成功因素
技術和組織方面
在很多案例中，一個電子商務公司存活下來，不僅僅是基於自身的產品，而且還擁有一個有能力的管理團隊、良好的售前服務、組織良好的商業結構、網路基礎和一個安全的，設計良好的網站，這些因素包括：
足夠的市場研究和分析。電子商務需要有可行的商業計劃並遵守供需的基本原理。在電子商務領域的失敗往往和其他商業領域的一樣，缺乏對商業基本原則的領會。
一支出色的被信息技術策略武裝起來的管理團隊。一個公司的信息戰略需要成為商業流程重組的一個部分。
為客戶提供一個方便而且安全的方式進行交易。信用卡是最互聯網上普遍的支付手段，大約90%的在線支付均使用信用卡的方式完成。在過去，加密的信用卡號碼信息通過獨立的第三方支付網關在顧客和商戶之間傳遞，現在大部分小企業和個體企業還是如此。如今大部分規模稍大的公司直接在網站上通過與商業銀行或是信用卡公司之間的協議處理信用卡交易。
提供高可靠性和安全性的交易。例如利用並行計算、硬體冗餘、失敗處理、信息加密和網路防火牆技術來達到這個需求。
提供360度視角的客戶關系，即確保無論是公司的雇員、供應商還是夥伴均可以獲得對客戶完整和一致的視角，而不是被選擇或者過濾得信息。因為，客戶不會對在權威主義（老大哥）監視的感覺有好的評價。
構建一個商業模型。如果在2000年的教科書上有這麼一段，很多「.com」公司可能不會破產。
設計一個電子商務價值鏈，關注在數量有限的核心競爭力上，而不是一個一站購齊的解決方案。如果合適的編製程序，網路商店可以在專業或者通用的特性中獲得其中一個。
運作最前沿或者盡可能的接近最前沿的技術，並且在緊緊跟隨技術的變化。（但是需要記住，商業的基本規則和技術的基本規則有很大的區別，不要同樣在商業模式上趕時髦）
建立一個足夠敏感和敏捷的組織，及時應對在經濟、社會和環境上發生的任何變化。
提供一個有足夠吸引力的網站。有品味的使用顏色、圖片、動畫、照片、字體和足夠的留白空間可以達到這一目標。
流暢的商業流程，可以通過流程再造和信息技術來獲得。
提供能完全理解商品和服務的信息，不僅僅包括全部產品信息還有可靠的顧問建議和挑選建議。
自然，電子商務供應商行業需要履行普世的原則，例如保證提供的商品的質量和可用性、物流的可靠性，並且及時有效的處理客戶的投訴。在網路環境下，有一個獨一無二的特點，客戶可以獲得遠多於傳統的「磚塊+水泥」地商業環境下關於商家
顧客為先
一個成功的電子商務機構必須提供一個既滿意而又具意義的經驗給顧客。都由各種顧客為先因素構成，包括以下:
提供額外的利益給顧客: 電子銷售商如要做到這一點，可提供產品或其產品系列，以一個較低的價格吸引潛在的客戶、如傳統商貿一樣.
提供優質服務: 提供一個互動及易於使用的購買經驗及場所，亦如傳統零售商一樣， 都有助某程度上達至上述目標。為鼓勵顧客再回來購買。可利用贈品或促銷禮券、優惠及折扣等。 還可以互相連接其他相關網站和廣告聯盟等。
提供個人服務: 提供個人化的網站、購買建議、個人及特別優惠的方式，有助增加互動、人性化來代替傳統的銷售方式。
提供社區意識: 可以聊天室、討論板以及一些忠誠顧客計劃(亦稱親和力計劃)都對提供社區意識有一定的幫助。
令顧客擁有全面性的體驗: 提供電子個人化服務，根據顧客的喜好，提供個別服務，使顧客感受與別不同的體驗，便可成為公司獨特的賣點及品牌。
自助方式: 提供自助式服務網站、易用及無須協助的環境，都有一定的幫助。包括所有的產品資料，交叉推銷信息、諮詢產品補替、用品及配件選擇等。
提供各種資訊: 如個人電子通訊錄、網上購物等。透過豐富的比較資料及良好的搜索設備，提供信息和構件安全、健康的評論給顧客。可協助個人電子服務來確定更多潛在顧客。
失敗因素
個人資料的外泄是最大的因素，如果有駭客破解網頁原始碼，並在網頁上種下木馬或是病毒，只要你登入並打上個人資料，駭客便可以馬上知道你在網頁上打下哪些個人資料。所以如何保護顧客的個資等是電子商務最大的問題，如果不妥善處理，那此電子店家便會被淘汰。
希望對你有幫助!!!
㈩ 求一篇關於電子商務的英語作文
With rapid development of informationization, global electronic commerce transaction has increased greatly within past decade years. Almost all kinds of instries are closely connected with electronic commerce. However, everything has two sides.
On one hand,booming electronic commerce is the fastest way so far to make transactions across far distance. It makes it possible to do business at home, which saves time and unnecessary formalities. That's why e-commerce is preferable to traditional commerce.(優勢：)
On the other hand,there exist many problems either.It is hard to control the virtual business. False,deceptive informatin is interspersing among e-commerce. Without management, losses are liable to happen every time. So we should hold strong risk awareness to protect ourselves on e-commerce.（問題：Problems）
Above all, the trend towards promising e-commerce is an irresistible trend of times. It undoubtedly contributes to impayable prosperity of world economy. Let』s prepare to embrace this irretrievable trend.(前景：Perspective)