❶ 電子商務畢業論文英文摘要
The popularity of e-commerce is an inevitable trend, it is not only a sales channel, a new proction management way, and will bring a commercial revolution. Schumpeter, with "the new proction function, market and enterprises need to update and new business model to replace the old commercial mode, this process is called him" creative destruction ".
Based on the basic composition of traditional enterprise business model based on the analysis of the system, from the business mode, and discussed the three layers of e-commerce enterprises for its intrinsic business model, and the influence of traditional enterprise success of e-business two case analysis, further study of the enterprise electronic commerce business model, how to traditional inherent e-commerce enterprises of the level of its final stages division, how to develop e-business, puts forward some countermeasures and Suggestions. Think with the traditional enterprise develop e-commerce, its influence on enterprise business model is one of the outer - middle - lining the progressive process of traditional enterprise electronic commerce, the process must follow the rules, can receive the good effect.
Keywords: electronic commerce mode of traditional enterprise organization structure, core competitiveness
❷ 急~~電子商務對我國中小企業的英文論文!
With the continuous development of science and technology, the economy continues to leap forward, business has followed the development from the beginning of the traditional business graally developed into today's e-commerce, business website, is nothing but just a few decades. E-commerce has graally become a new model for business activities. More and more people through the network for business. E-commerce not only for large enterprises, while small and medium enterprises is also very beneficial, but also for SMEs to compete with large enterprises provide a good opportunity and platform. SMEs as the basis of national economies and socio-economic factors, the most active and become the socio-economic development and saving an important guarantee for the prosperity and stability. At the same time, e-commerce, as a proct of the new economic era, many enterprises have become the focus of attention and use, this paper describes the status of development of electronic commerce for SMEs and the problems of electronic commerce on the impact of China's enterprises, but also faced with some problems, to solve these problems we should be going to help
Keywords e-commerce development impact
❸ 電子商務與物流英語論文
http://www.aliqq.com.cn/sysj/dzsw/20071101/125554.html
電子商務英語13-15(3個PPT)英文
http://www.aliqq.com.cn/sysj/dzsw/20071101/125358.html
電子商務英語 英文
http://www.aliqq.com.cn/sysj/dzsw/20071101/125274.html
電子商務與物流講座
http://www.aliqq.com.cn/sysj/dzsw/20071031/125053.html
物流電子商務供應鏈管理專題
http://www.aliqq.com.cn/sysj/dzsw/20071031/124907.html
電子商務銷售的物流模式分析
❹ 求電子商務方面的英文文獻或論文,翻譯成漢字大約3000字。要有明確正規出處
Ecommerce Security Issues
Customer Security: Basic Principles
Most ecommerce merchants leave the mechanics to their hosting company or IT staff, but it helps to understand the basic principles. Any system has to meet four requirements:
privacy: information must be kept from unauthorized parties.
integrity: message must not be altered or tampered with.
authentication: sender and recipient must prove their identities to each other.
non-repudiation: proof is needed that the message was indeed received.
Privacy is handled by encryption. In PKI (public key infrastructure) a message is encrypted by a public key, and decrypted by a private key. The public key is widely distributed, but only the recipient has the private key. For authentication (proving the identity of the sender, since only the sender has the particular key) the encrypted message is encrypted again, but this time with a private key. Such proceres form the basis of RSA (used by banks and governments) and PGP (Pretty Good Privacy, used to encrypt emails).
Unfortunately, PKI is not an efficient way of sending large amounts of information, and is often used only as a first step — to allow two parties to agree upon a key for symmetric secret key encryption. Here sender and recipient use keys that are generated for the particular message by a third body: a key distribution center. The keys are not identical, but each is shared with the key distribution center, which allows the message to be read. Then the symmetric keys are encrypted in the RSA manner, and rules set under various protocols. Naturally, the private keys have to be kept secret, and most security lapses indeed arise here.
:Digital Signatures and Certificates
Digital signatures meet the need for authentication and integrity. To vastly simplify matters (as throughout this page), a plain text message is run through a hash function and so given a value: the message digest. This digest, the hash function and the plain text encrypted with the recipient's public key is sent to the recipient. The recipient decodes the message with their private key, and runs the message through the supplied hash function to that the message digest value remains unchanged (message has not been tampered with). Very often, the message is also timestamped by a third party agency, which provides non-repudiation.
What about authentication? How does a customer know that the website receiving sensitive information is not set up by some other party posing as the e-merchant? They check the digital certificate. This is a digital document issued by the CA (certification authority: Verisign, Thawte, etc.) that uniquely identifies the merchant. Digital certificates are sold for emails, e-merchants and web-servers.
:Secure Socket Layers
Information sent over the Internet commonly uses the set of rules called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol). The information is broken into packets, numbered sequentially, and an error control attached. Indivial packets are sent by different routes. TCP/IP reassembles them in order and resubmits any packet showing errors. SSL uses PKI and digital certificates to ensure privacy and authentication. The procere is something like this: the client sends a message to the server, which replies with a digital certificate. Using PKI, server and client negotiate to create session keys, which are symmetrical secret keys specially created for that particular transmission. Once the session keys are agreed, communication continues with these session keys and the digital certificates.
:PCI, SET, Firewalls and Kerberos
Credit card details can be safely sent with SSL, but once stored on the server they are vulnerable to outsiders hacking into the server and accompanying network. A PCI (peripheral component interconnect: hardware) card is often added for protection, therefore, or another approach altogether is adopted: SET (Secure Electronic Transaction). Developed by Visa and Mastercard, SET uses PKI for privacy, and digital certificates to authenticate the three parties: merchant, customer and bank. More importantly, sensitive information is not seen by the merchant, and is not kept on the merchant's server.
Firewalls (software or hardware) protect a server, a network and an indivial PC from attack by viruses and hackers. Equally important is protection from malice or carelessness within the system, and many companies use the Kerberos protocol, which uses symmetric secret key cryptography to restrict access to authorized employees.
Transactions
Sensitive information has to be protected through at least three transactions:
credit card details supplied by the customer, either to the merchant or payment gateway. Handled by the server's SSL and the merchant/server's digital certificates.
credit card details passed to the bank for processing. Handled by the complex security measures of the payment gateway.
order and customer details supplied to the merchant, either directly or from the payment gateway/credit card processing company. Handled by SSL, server security, digital certificates (and payment gateway sometimes).
Practical Consequences
1. The merchant is always responsible for security of the Internet-connected PC where customer details are handled. Virus protection and a firewall are the minimum requirement. To be absolutely safe, store sensitive information and customer details on zip-disks, a physically separate PC or with a commercial file storage service. Always keep multiple back-ups of essential information, and ensure they are stored safely off-site.
2. Where customers order by email, information should be encrypted with PGP or similar software. Or payment should be made by specially encrypted checks and ordering software.
3. Where credit cards are taken online and processed later, it's the merchant's responsibility to check the security of the hosting company's webserver. Use a reputable company and demand detailed replies to your queries.
4. Where credit cards are taken online and processed in real time, four situations arise:
You use a service bureau. Sensitive information is handled entirely by the service bureau, which is responsible for its security. Other customer and order details are your responsibility as in 3. above.
You possess an ecommerce merchant account but use the digital certificate supplied by the hosting company. A cheap option acceptable for smallish transactions with SMEs. Check out the hosting company, and the terms and conditions applying to the digital certificate.
You possess an ecommerce merchant account and obtain your own digital certificate (costing some hundreds of dollars). Check out the hosting company, and enter into a dialogue with the certification authority: they will certainly probe your credentials.
You possess a merchant account, and run the business from your own server. You need trained IT staff to maintain all aspects of security — firewalls, Kerberos, SSL, and a digital certificate for the server (costing thousands or tens of thousands of dollars).
Security is a vexing, costly and complicated business, but a single lapse can be expensive in lost funds, records and reputation. Don't wait for disaster to strike, but stay proactive, employing a security expert where necessary.
Sites on our resources page supplies details.
❺ 請給一篇:中國電子商務發展概況 英文版論文 不勝感激!
有關我國電子商務發展現狀及趨勢研究
[摘要]在全球信息化大勢所驅的影響下,各國的電子商務不斷的改進和完善,電子商務成為各個國家和各大公司爭奪的焦點。研究探討電子商務現狀和制定實施恰當的電子商務的政策問題就十分迫切。而在我國,計算機與網路技術的普及與發展,電子商務迅速崛起,眾多的信息技術企業、風險投資公司、生產流通企業紛紛開展電子商務。
[關鍵詞] 電子商務 發展現狀 分析
電子商務源於英文ELECTRONIC COMMERCE,簡寫為EC。顧名思義,其內容包含兩方面,一是電子方式,二是商貿活動。一般來說是指利用電子信息網路等電子化手段進行的商務活動,是指商務活動的電子化、網路化。廣義而言,電子商務還包括政府機構、企事業單位各種內部業務的電子化。電子商務可被看作是一種現代化的商業和行政作業方法,這種方法通過改善產品和服務質量、提高服務傳遞速度,滿足政府組織、廠商和消費者的降低成本的需求,並通過計算機網路加快信息交流以支持決策。電子商務可以包括通過電子方式進行的各項社會活動。隨著信息技術的發展,電子商務的內涵和外延也在不斷充實和擴展,並不斷被賦予新的含義,開拓出更廣闊的應用空間。
電子商務將成為二十一世紀人類信息世界的核心,也是網路應用的發展方向,具有無法預測的增長前景。電子商務還將構築二十一世紀新型的經濟貿易框架。大力發展電子商務,對於國家以信息化帶動工業化的戰略,實現跨越式發展,增強國家競爭力,具有十分重要的戰略意義。
一、電子商務市場發展前景誘人
雖然目前還不能預測電子商務交易模式何時能成為主流模式,但電子商務的市場發展潛力是無窮的,因為:一方面,潛在消費者的發展速度驚人。據聯合國貿發會議《2002年電子商務發展報告》顯示,到2002年底,全球英特網用戶已達6.5億之眾。在中國,據中國互聯網信息中心(CNNIC)最新的調查報告顯示,截止2003年6月底,上網用戶已達到6800萬,比去年同期增長48.5%,而1997年10月首次調查結果只有62萬,幾年間增長了109。7倍。他們中的一部分已是電子商務的消費者,而更多的則是這個快速發展市場的潛在消費者。另一方面,電子商務交易額快速增長。
二、我國電子商務面臨的問題
1、 電子商務的搜索功能問題
當在網上購物時,用戶面臨的一個很大的問題就是如何在眾多的網站找到自己想要的物品,並以最低的價格買到。搜索引擎看起來很簡單:用戶輸入一個查詢關鍵詞,搜索引擎就按照關鍵詞語到資料庫去查找,並返回最合適的WEB頁連接。但根據NEC研究所與INKTOMI公司最近研究結果表明,目前在互連網上至少10億網頁需要建立索引。而現在搜索引擎僅僅能對5億網頁建立索引,仍然有一半不能索引。這主要不是由於技術原因,而是由於在線商家希望保護商品價格的隱私權。因此當用戶在網上購物時,不得不一個網站一個網站搜索下去,直到找到滿意價格的物品。
2、電子商務的安全性問題
電子商務的安全問題仍是影響電子商務發展的主要因素。由於INTERNET的迅速流行,電子商務引起了廣泛的注意,被公認為是未來IT最有潛力的新的增長點。然而,在開放的網路上處理交易,如何保證傳輸數據的安全成為電子商務能否普及的最重要的因數之一。調查公司曾對電子商務的應用前景進行過在線調查,當問到為什麼不願意在線購物時,絕大多數人的問題是擔心遭到黑客的侵襲而導致信用卡信息丟失。因此,有一部分人或企業因擔心安全問題而不願意使用電子商務,安全成為電子商務發展中最大的障礙。如:安全可靠的通訊網路;有效防護連接在網路上的信息系統;有效防止資料被盜去或盜用;培訓電子商務人才,使其了解如何防護其信息系統和資料的安全。
3、電子商務管理的問題
電子商務的多姿多彩給世界帶來了全新的商務規則和方式,這更加要求在管理上要做到規范,這個管理的概念應該涵蓋商務管理,技術管理,服務管理等多方面,因此要同時在這些方面達到一個比較令人滿意的規范程度,不是一時半時就可以做到的。另外電子商務平台的前後端相一致也是非常重要的。前台的WEB平台是直接面向消費者的,是電子商務的門面。而後台的內部經營管理體系則是完成電子商務的必要條件,它關繫到前台所承接的業務最終能不能得到很好的實現。一個完善的後台系統更能體現一個電子商務公司的綜合實力,因為它將最終決定提供給用戶的是什麼樣的服務,決定電子商務的管理是不是有效,決定電子商務公司最終能不能實現贏利。
4、電子商務的稅務問題
稅務,是一個國家重要的財政來源。由於電子商務的交易活動是在沒有固定場所的國際信息網路環境下進行,造成國家難以控制和收取電子商務的稅金。因此,在指定與電子商務有關的政策法規時,需要重新審視傳統的稅收政策和手段,建立新的,有效的稅收機制。
5、電子商務的標准問題
各國的國情不同,電子商務的交易方式和手段當然也存在某些差異,而且我們要面對無國界,全球性的貿易活動,因此需要在電子商務交易過動中建立相關的,統一的國際性標准,以解決電子商務活動的相互操作問題。中國電子商務目前的問題是概念不清,搞電子的商務,搞商務的搞電子,呈現一種離散,無序,局部的狀態。因此,目前需要解決三個問題:一是解決統一標準的電子商務綜合服務平台;二是電子商務的關鍵在於業務,應用是其龍頭,因此要把各種各樣的業務和服務接進來;三是解決互連互通的標准問題。
6、 電子商務的費用支出問題
由於金融手段落後,信用制度不健全,中國人更喜歡現金交易,沒有使用信用卡的習慣。而在美國,現金交易較少,國民購物基本上採用信息卡支付,而且國家處於金融,稅收,治安等方面的原因,也鼓勵使用信息卡以減少現金的流通。完善的金融制度方便,可靠,安全的支付手段是B 2 C電子商務發展的基本條件。不難看出,影響我國電子商務發展的不單是網路帶寬的狹窄,上網費用的昂貴,人才的不足以及配送的滯後,更重要的原應來自於信用制度不健全與人們的生活習慣。因此,我們應該加大金融改革力度,健全法制,建立信用制度,正確引導人們改變一些生活習慣,為我國B 2 C電子商務的發展創造有利的發展環境。
7、電子商務的合同法律問題
在電子商務中,傳統商務交易所採取的書面合同已經不適用了。一方面,電子合同存在容易編造,難以證明其真實性和有效性的問題;另一方面,現有的法律尚未對電子合同的數字化印章和簽名的法律效率進行規范。此外,現有的技術還無法做到對數字印章和簽名的唯一性,保密性進行准確無誤的認定。如何保證電子商務活動中合同的有效性及電子印章和電子簽名的有效性,是保證電子商務正常發展的重要因素之一。
三、 如何進一步改善我國電子商務發展環境的主要措施
電子商務是一項巨大的、復雜的系統工程,不可能一蹴而就。從中長期來講,應從以下方面入手加以推動和引導:
1、做好電子商務的發展規劃和宏觀指導
電子商務是一項新生事物,其技術發展速度很快,業務方式沒有最終定型,給政策的制定帶來了一定的困難。這就要求政策制定者對市場的變化保持高度的敏感,加強研究,適時制定鼓勵電子商務發展的政策。在這一過程中,相關的中介組織,如行業協會等應充分發揮自己聯系政府和企業的紐帶作用,做好企業與政府部門的信息溝通,協助政府做好產業發展規劃。
2、加強基礎設施建設
電子商務是基於信息網路的商務活動,需要建設必要的信息基礎設施和手段,包括各種信息傳輸網路的建設、信息傳輸設備的研製、信息技術的開發等,使電子商務的發展奠定在堅實的環境建設基礎上。要構建一個值得信賴並能夠保證信息的完整性和安全性的多層次的開放的網路體系,加強基礎網路的建設,改善國內用戶環境。
3、 加強電子商務宣傳和人才培養
目前,部門、行業信息的電子化方面力量嚴重不足:而沒有各個部門、行業信息的電子化,電子商務就只能是紙上談兵。所以,充分利用各種途徑和手段培養、引進並合理使用好一批素質較高、層次合理、專業配套的網路、計算機及經營管理的專業人才,是我國電子商務建設成功的根本保證。同時,面對電子商務的安全問題,政府有關部門組織有關企業和研究單位制定安全技術,這是責無旁貸的。
4、 加強政府的示範和引導,開展電子商務示範工程
通過實施政府信息化,提高政府工作效率和透明度,促進政府與社會的溝通;發展政府部門之間的非支付性電子商務,促進有關部門在電子商務實施中的關系協調,推動管理部門聯網,實現商務管理電子化;發展政府和企業間的電子商務,實現政府采購網路化。有針對性地扶持重點行業、企業開展電子商務,通過試點總結經驗加以推廣。
四、 我國電子商務的發展趨勢分析
1、 縱深化趨勢
電子商務的基礎設施將日益完善,支撐環境逐步趨向規范,企業發展電子商務的深度進一步拓展,個人參與電子商務的深度也將得到拓展。圖象通信網,多媒體通信網將建成使用,三網合一潮流勢不可擋,高速寬頻互連網將扮演越來越重要的角色,制約中國電子商務發展的網路瓶頸有望得到緩解和逐步解決。我國電子商務的發展將具備良好的網路平台和運行環境。電子商務的支撐環境逐步趨向規范和完善。個人對電子商務的應用將從目前點對點的直線方式走向多點的智能式發展。
2、 個性化趨勢
個性化定製信息需求將會強勁,個性化商品的深度參與成為必然。互連網的出現,發展和普及本身就是對傳統秩序型經濟社會組織中個人的一種解放,使個性的張揚和創造力的發揮有了一個更加有利的平台,也使消費者主權的實現有了更有效的技術基礎。在這方面,個性化定製信息需求和個性化商品需求將成為發展方向,消費者把個人的篇好參與到商品的設計和製造過程中去,對所有面向個人消費者的電子商務活動來說,提供多樣化的比傳統商業更具有個性化的服務,是決定今後成敗的關鍵因素。
3、專業化趨勢
面向消費者的垂直型網站和專業化網站前景看好,面向行業的專業電子商務平台發展潛力大。一是面向個人 消費者的專業化趨勢。要滿足消費者個性化的要求,提供專業化的產品線和專業水準的服務至關重要。今後若干年內我國上網人口仍將是以中高收入水平的人群為豬,他們購買力強,受教育程度高,消費個性化需求比較強烈。
4、 國際化趨勢
中國電子商務必然走向世界,同時也面臨著世界電子商務強手的嚴峻挑戰。互連網最大的優勢之一就是超越時間,空間的限制,能夠有效地打破國家和地區之間各種有形和無形的障礙,這對促進每個國家和地區對外經濟,技術,資金,信息等的交流將起到革命年個 的作用。電子商務將有力的刺激對外貿易。因此,我國電子商務企業將隨著國際電子商務環境的規范和完善逐步走向世界。我國企業可以由此同發達國家真正站在一個起跑線上,變我國在市場經濟軌道上的後發劣勢為後發優勢。電子商務對我國的中小企業開拓國際市場,利用好國外各種資源是一個千載難逢的有利時機。同時,國外電子商務企業將努力開拓中國市場。隨著中國加入WTO,這方面的障礙將逐步得以消除。
5、 區域化優勢
立足中國國情採取有重點的區域化戰略是有效擴大網上營銷規模和效益的必然途徑。中國電子商務的區域由優勢與前面強調的國際化優勢並不矛盾。區域化優勢是就中國獨特的國情條件而言的。中國是一個人口眾多,幅員遼闊的大過,社會群體在收入,觀念,文化水平的很多方面都有不同的特點。
6、 融合化趨勢
電子商務網站在最初的全面開花直後必然走向新的融合。一是同類網站之間的合並。目前大量的網站屬於「重復建設」,定位相同或相近,業務內容相似,激烈競爭的結果只能是少數企業最終勝出,處於弱勢狀態的網站最終免不了被吃掉或者關門的結果。二是同類別網站之間互補性的兼並。那些處於領先地位的電子商務企業在資源,品牌,客戶規模等諸方面雖然有很大優勢,但這畢竟是相對而言的,與國外著名電子商務企業相比不不是一個數量級的。這些具備良好基礎和發展前景的網站在擴張的過程中必然採取收購策略,主要的模式將是互補性收購。三是戰略聯盟。由於個性化,專業化是電子商務發展的兩大趨勢,每個網站在資源方面總是有限的,客戶需求又是全方位的,所以不同類型的網站以戰略聯盟的形式互相協作必成為必然。
總之,隨著經濟全球化和信息技術與信息產業迅速發展,電子商務將成為今後信息交流的熱點,成為各國爭先發展,各個產業部門最為關注的領域。中國電子商務雖然還處在初始階段,面臨著體制,技術,管理等諸多問題,但是已邁出可喜的一步。我們只有具備戰略性和前瞻性的眼光,適應全球經濟一體化的趨勢,努力發展適合我國國情的電子商務,才能立於不敗之地。
參考文獻
1.宋玲,王小延,《電子商務戰略》,中國金融出版社,2000.3,P44~45
2.Singh M P, An Evolutionary Look at E-Commerce, IEEE Internet Computing,2001.5,P77~78
3.周忠海,《電子商務法導論》,北京郵電大學出版社,2000,P148~150
4.陳進,《電子商務金融與安全》,清華大學出版社,2000,P12~13 5.賈征,謝國彤,李順東,賈曉,《電子商務體系機構及系統設計》,西安交通大
出版社,2001,P268~269
6.安妮利爾,翻譯: 岳雲霞,徐鶯燕,錢家紅,《網路的未來》,中信出版社,2002,P286~289
7.Rabinovitch E, The state of E-commerce, IEEE Communications magazine,2001.3,P12~12
8.蔣志培,《網路與電子商務法》,法律出版社,2001.5,P100~101
僅供參考,請自借鑒
希望對您有幫助
由於篇幅限制,只能給您中文的。請諒解
❻ 一個關於電子商務的英語作文,議論文,120—150個字,急需!!謝謝了
那麼急就給5分,太少了吧,別人死乞白賴的給你寫篇文章才5分,你給50分我給你寫。
❼ 電子商務專業方面的文獻(書籍)英文版的,畢業論文要寫譯文~翻譯完必須要2000字求幫助~~~~
我網路空間里有國外大學圖書館的帳號和入口,自己去查回資料庫吧。答
http://hi..com/pxpsd/blog/item/f11407de357a455295ee3726.html
❽ 求助:電子商務論文英文摘要
Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, consists of the buying and selling of procts or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade concted electronically has grown extraordinarily since the spread of the Internet. A wide variety of commerce is concted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.
A large percentage of electronic commerce is concted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.
Electronic commerce that is concted between businesses is referred to as Business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market).
Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.
History
Early development
The meaning of electronic commerce has changed over the last 30 years. Originally, electronic commerce meant the facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both introced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to send commercial documents like purchase orders or invoices electronically. The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic commerce. From the 1990s onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource planning systems (ERP), data mining and data warehousing.
Perhaps it is introced from the Telephone Exchange Office, or maybe not.The earliest example of many-to-many electronic commerce in physical goods was the Boston Computer Exchange, a marketplace for used computers launched in 1982. The first online information marketplace, including online consulting, was likely the American Information Exchange, another pre-Internet online system introced in 1991.
Timeline
1990: Tim Berners-Lee wrote the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer.
1992: J.H. Snider and Terra Ziporyn published Future Shop: How New Technologies Will Change the Way We Shop and What We Buy. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312063598.
1994: Netscape released the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla. Pizza Hut offered pizza ordering on its Web page. The first online bank opened. Attempts to offer flower delivery and magazine subscriptions online. Alt materials were also commercially available, as were cars and bikes. Netscape 1.0 in late 1994 introced SSL encryption that made transactions secure.
1995: Jeff Bezos launched Amazon.com and the first commercial-free 24 hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK and NetRadio started broadcasting. Dell and Cisco began to aggressively use Internet for commercial transactions. eBay was founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb.
1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web.
1999: business.com was sold for US $7.5 million, which was purchased in 1997 for US $150,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster was launched.
2000: The dot-com bust.
2003: Amazon.com had its first year with a full year of profit.
Business applications
Some common applications related to electronic commerce are:
E-mail and messaging
Documents, spreadsheets, database
Accounting and finance systems
Orders and shipment information
Enterprise and client information reporting
Domestic and international payment systems
Newsgroup
On-line Shopping
Messaging
Conferencing
Government regulations
In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive.[1] Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers』 personal information.[2] As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.
Forms
Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering "digital" content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to "meta" services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce.
On the consumer level, electronic commerce is mostly concted on the World Wide Web. An indivial can go online to purchase anything from books, grocery to expensive items like real estate. Another example will be online banking like online bill payments, buying stocks, transferring funds from one account to another, and initiating wire payment to another country. All these activities can be done with a few keystrokes on the keyboard.
On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce these days.
電子商務或EC(英語: E-Commerce)是指在互聯網(Internet)、企業內部網 (Intranet) 和增值網(VAN,Value Added Network)上以電子交易方式進行交易活動和相關服務活動,是傳統商業活動各環節的電子化、網路化。電子商務包括電子貨幣交換、供應鏈管理、電子交易市場、網路營銷、在線事務處理、電子數據交換(EDI)、存貨管理和自動數據收集系統。在此過程中,利用到的信息技術包括:互聯網、外聯網、電子郵件、資料庫、電子目錄和行動電話。
而廣義上的電子商務—電子業務或EB(英語: E-Business)則是指對整個商業活動實現電子化,也就是指應用電腦與網路技術與現代信息化通信技術,按照一定標准,利用電子化工具(有時甚至指整個電子媒介領域,包括廣播、電視、電話通訊等等)來實現包括電子商務(或電子交易)在內的商業交換和行政作業的商貿活動的全過程。
發展歷史
在過去的30年間,電子商務的概念發生了很大的變化. 最初,電子商務意味著利用電子化的手段,將商業買賣活動簡化,通常使用的技術包括電子數據交換(EDI)和電子貨幣轉帳,這些技術均是在20世紀70年代末期開始應用。典型的應用是將采購訂單和發票之類的商業文檔通過電子數據的方式發送出去。
電子商務中的「電子」指的是採用的技術和系統,而「商務」指的是傳統的商業模式。電子商務被定義為一整套通過網路支持商業活動的過程。在70年代和80年代,信息分析技術進入電子商務。80年代,隨著信用卡、自動櫃員機和電話銀行的逐漸被接受和應用,這些也成為電子貿易的組成部分。進入90年代,企業資源計劃(ERP)、數據挖掘和數據倉庫也成為電子商務的一個部分。
在「.COM」時代,電子商務增加了新的組成部分——「網路貿易」,客戶在數據加密傳輸技術支持下,利用網上商店的虛擬購物車和信用卡等電子貨幣支付形式,通過互聯網完成商品和服務的采購。
如今,電子商務的涵蓋十分廣泛的商業行為,從電子銀行到信息化的物流管理。電子商務的增長促進了支持系統的發展和進步, 包括後台支持系統、應用系統和中間件,例如寬頻和光纖網路、供應鏈管理模塊、原料規劃模塊、客戶關系管理模塊、存貨控制模塊和會計核算/企業財務模塊。
當互聯網在1994進入公眾的視線時,很多記者和學者預測電子貿易將很快成為主要的商業應用模式。然而,安全協議(例如HTTPS)用了四年的時間才發展的足夠成熟並獲得大范圍的應用。接下來,在1998年和2000年之間,大量的美國和西歐公司開發了許多不成熟的網站。
雖然大量的「純電子商務」公司在2000年和2001年的「.COM」衰退期消失了,還是有很多傳統的「水泥加磚塊」的零售企業認識到這些「.COM」公司揭示了潛在的有價值的市場空間,開始將電子商務的功能增加到網站上。例如,在在線食品銷售公司Webvan倒閉後,兩家傳統的連鎖超級市場Albertsons和Safeway都開始了附屬的電子商務功能,消費者可以直接在線訂購食品。
電子商務的成功因素
技術和組織方面
在很多案例中,一個電子商務公司存活下來,不僅僅是基於自身的產品,而且還擁有一個有能力的管理團隊、良好的售前服務、組織良好的商業結構、網路基礎和一個安全的,設計良好的網站,這些因素包括:
足夠的市場研究和分析。電子商務需要有可行的商業計劃並遵守供需的基本原理。在電子商務領域的失敗往往和其他商業領域的一樣,缺乏對商業基本原則的領會。
一支出色的被信息技術策略武裝起來的管理團隊。一個公司的信息戰略需要成為商業流程重組的一個部分。
為客戶提供一個方便而且安全的方式進行交易。信用卡是最互聯網上普遍的支付手段,大約90%的在線支付均使用信用卡的方式完成。在過去,加密的信用卡號碼信息通過獨立的第三方支付網關在顧客和商戶之間傳遞,現在大部分小企業和個體企業還是如此。如今大部分規模稍大的公司直接在網站上通過與商業銀行或是信用卡公司之間的協議處理信用卡交易。
提供高可靠性和安全性的交易。例如利用並行計算、硬體冗餘、失敗處理、信息加密和網路防火牆技術來達到這個需求。
提供360度視角的客戶關系,即確保無論是公司的雇員、供應商還是夥伴均可以獲得對客戶完整和一致的視角,而不是被選擇或者過濾得信息。因為,客戶不會對在權威主義(老大哥)監視的感覺有好的評價。
構建一個商業模型。如果在2000年的教科書上有這麼一段,很多「.com」公司可能不會破產。
設計一個電子商務價值鏈,關注在數量有限的核心競爭力上,而不是一個一站購齊的解決方案。如果合適的編製程序,網路商店可以在專業或者通用的特性中獲得其中一個。
運作最前沿或者盡可能的接近最前沿的技術,並且在緊緊跟隨技術的變化。(但是需要記住,商業的基本規則和技術的基本規則有很大的區別,不要同樣在商業模式上趕時髦)
建立一個足夠敏感和敏捷的組織,及時應對在經濟、社會和環境上發生的任何變化。
提供一個有足夠吸引力的網站。有品味的使用顏色、圖片、動畫、照片、字體和足夠的留白空間可以達到這一目標。
流暢的商業流程,可以通過流程再造和信息技術來獲得。
提供能完全理解商品和服務的信息,不僅僅包括全部產品信息還有可靠的顧問建議和挑選建議。
自然,電子商務供應商行業需要履行普世的原則,例如保證提供的商品的質量和可用性、物流的可靠性,並且及時有效的處理客戶的投訴。在網路環境下,有一個獨一無二的特點,客戶可以獲得遠多於傳統的「磚塊+水泥」地商業環境下關於商家
顧客為先
一個成功的電子商務機構必須提供一個既滿意而又具意義的經驗給顧客。都由各種顧客為先因素構成,包括以下:
提供額外的利益給顧客: 電子銷售商如要做到這一點,可提供產品或其產品系列,以一個較低的價格吸引潛在的客戶、如傳統商貿一樣.
提供優質服務: 提供一個互動及易於使用的購買經驗及場所,亦如傳統零售商一樣, 都有助某程度上達至上述目標。為鼓勵顧客再回來購買。可利用贈品或促銷禮券、優惠及折扣等。 還可以互相連接其他相關網站和廣告聯盟等。
提供個人服務: 提供個人化的網站、購買建議、個人及特別優惠的方式,有助增加互動、人性化來代替傳統的銷售方式。
提供社區意識: 可以聊天室、討論板以及一些忠誠顧客計劃(亦稱親和力計劃)都對提供社區意識有一定的幫助。
令顧客擁有全面性的體驗: 提供電子個人化服務,根據顧客的喜好,提供個別服務,使顧客感受與別不同的體驗,便可成為公司獨特的賣點及品牌。
自助方式: 提供自助式服務網站、易用及無須協助的環境,都有一定的幫助。包括所有的產品資料,交叉推銷信息、諮詢產品補替、用品及配件選擇等。
提供各種資訊: 如個人電子通訊錄、網上購物等。透過豐富的比較資料及良好的搜索設備,提供信息和構件安全、健康的評論給顧客。可協助個人電子服務來確定更多潛在顧客。
失敗因素
個人資料的外泄是最大的因素,如果有駭客破解網頁原始碼,並在網頁上種下木馬或是病毒,只要你登入並打上個人資料,駭客便可以馬上知道你在網頁上打下哪些個人資料。所以如何保護顧客的個資等是電子商務最大的問題,如果不妥善處理,那此電子店家便會被淘汰。
❾ 求助:電子商務論文摘要的英文翻譯
E-commerce from the English ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, abbreviated as EC. The contents of two, the first electronic, and the other is commercial and trading activities. E-commerce can be seen as simply the use of simple, fast, low-cost electronic means of communication are not met buyers and sellers to conct a variety of business activities. INTERNET With the technology become more sophisticated, the real development of e-commerce will be built on the INTERNET technology. Therefore, e-commerce can be seen on the Internet is an open network environment, based on browser / server applications, the realization of consumers shopping on the Internet, online transactions between businesses and on-line electronic payment of a new type of commercial operation模式.
E-commerce in China began in 1997. Chinese goods orders for the system (CGOS), China Commodities Trading Center (CCEC), a virtual "Fair" and other large-scale e-commerce projects have been launched in 1997, China has opened the prelude to the e-commerce. In 1998, "the capital of e-commerce project" launched in 1999 and "8848 on-line supermarket", marks the beginning of Chinese e-commerce into the period of rapid growth, Chinese e-commerce which "officially started."
In recent years, China's e-commerce although speculation is in full swing, but the actual promotion process, but also the effect of e-commerce remain at the primary level, in particular the relevant laws and regulations are imperfect, the social credit system have yet to be improved in the To a certain extent, impeded the development of e-commerce. By recalling China's development of e-commerce, e-commerce on the current situation, problems, analyze the causes, and put forward solutions to this problem and look forward to the future development of the market
❿ 電子商務英語論文 電子商務的幾種商務模式
據統計,電子商務目前擁有B2B、B2C、C2C、B2M、C2B、M2C、B2A(即B2G)、C2A(即C2G)模式,但隨著電子商務版的發展,以後權會向哪個模式發展或衍生什麼樣的模式那就要看以後的市場該如何變化了。
B2B = Business to Business
B2C = Business to Customer
C2C = Consumer to Consumer
B2M = Business to Manager
M2C = Manager to Consumer
B2A = Business to Administration
C2B=customer to business